Background: Since raw egg may cause digestive toxic infections, we assessed whether pasteurized raw egg white is as reliable as fresh raw egg white in the diagnosis of egg allergy. Methods: Thirty-two egg-allergic children were challenged with both pasteurized and fresh raw egg white. Open challenges were carried out with increasing doses of pasteurized raw egg white and fresh raw egg white administered every 60 min. Results: Eleven children (34.4%) had positive challenges with pasteurized raw egg white. Twenty-one children (65.62%) who tolerated pasteurized raw egg white also had a negative challenge with fresh raw egg white. If the challenge with pasteurized raw egg white resulted positive, the study was stopped. The protein profile and IgE-binding capacity of both pasteurized and fresh egg white were almost identical as observed by SDS-PAGE and IgE immunoblotting. In the IgE immunoblotting-inhibition and ImmunoCAP-inhibition assays, both extracts behaved in a similar way. Conclusions: We did not find any relevant allergenic differences between fresh and pasteurized egg white. This study supports the use of pasteurized egg white in the diagnosis of allergy to fresh raw egg proteins.

Background:Anisakis simplex is a fish parasite responsible for gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms in humans. The Ani s 11-like protein has been proposed as an Anisakis allergen because its primary structure is similar to that of Ani s 11. The aims of this work were to analyse the frequency of detection of the Ani s 11-like protein and assess its diagnostic value. Methods: rAni s 11-like protein, rAni s 5 and rAni s 4 were expressed in Escherichia coli and rAni s 1 was produced in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant allergen detection patterns in 37 Anisakis-sensitised patients were determined. The stability to pepsin digestion and heat treatment of rAni s 11-like protein was also analysed by IgE immunoblotting. Results: Ani s 11-like protein is a major allergen detected by 78% of Anisakis-allergic patients, and 13.5% of patients detect only the rAni s 11-like allergen. This allergen is heat stable because it retains its capability of binding IgE after boiling for 30 min and it is resistant to pepsin digestion for 120 min. Conclusions: These data indicate that the Ani s 11-like protein is a pepsin- and heat-resistant major allergen (Ani s 11.0201) of Anisakis spp. and a valuable tool for Anisakis allergy component-resolved diagnosis.

The "complement system" is one of the efector pathways of the immune system against microorganisms and tumor cells. The complement system can be activated through three major pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. The sequential activation through the generation of complex enzymes from inactive zymogens produces a cascade in which a capable enzyme generates a large number of active downstream molecules.C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that regulates the following closely interrelated proteolytic pathways: complement system, coagulation system, contact system, and ibrinolysis system. The absence or malfunction of C1-INH results in the presence of atacks of angioedema (AE) due to uncontrolled activation of the contact system, with the generation of bradykinin (BK), a vasoactive peptide released from high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK). Some drugs that inhibit the catabolism of BK have been implicated in the development of AE. These include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, aminopeptidase P (APP) inhibitors, and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors.We describe in this chapter the biochemistry pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of bradykininergic angioedema (BK-AE) and the role of the complement system in the prototype of BK-AE, in hereditary angioedema with C1-INH deiciency (C1-INH-HAE), and also in acquired angioedema with C1-INH deiciency (C1-INH-AAE).

Introduction: Diabetic foot is the infection, ulceration or destruction of the deep tissues of the foot in patients with diabetes mellitus. This pathology occurs when there are high levels of glucose in the blood, as well as other factors such as high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia. These factors cause damage to the vessels and nerves, producing medium and long-term complications. This is a health problem that affects diabetic patients throughout their lives. Objective: To know the different techniques and strategies that allow to carry out an appropriate management of the diabetic foot. Methodology: A narrative review was carried out between November 2021 and July 2022 in the different databases of Pubmed (Medline), Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS), with a search string that combined the keywords derived from thesauri, namely Descriptors of Health Sciences (DeCS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), combined with the Boolean operators “AND”, “NOT” and “NOT”. Results: After applying the article selection criteria and evaluating the quality of the methodology, a total of 22 articles were obtained. The results affirm the existence of promising therapies for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers such as negative-pressure therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It is highlighted that the use of therapeutic footwear and health education are deficient aspects that must be reinforced. Conclusion: After comparing the different articles, it was possible to determine that negative-pressure therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be promoted as they are suitable for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. In addition, therapeutic footwear is a baseline in the diabetic foot approach. On the other hand, it is necessary to reinforce interdisciplinary work in this area and health education for patients suffering from this disease.

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