Introduction In recent years, musculoskeletal ultrasound has become an important tool for the assessment of peripheral nerve entrapments in human subjects. Objective To research sonographic pathological values of peripheral nerve entrapments and to verify the usefulness of ultrasound for the assessment of the same. Material and Methods A literature search was conducted on the EBSCOHost platform between January 2016 and September 2017. Results Fifty-four articles were included in this review. Ultrasound showed good diagnostic values for the ulnar tunnel syndrome at the level of the tunnel (sensitivity 72–99%; specificity 53–100%) and at the level of the medial epicondyle (sensitivity 72–92%; specificity 75–93%). Conclusions Sonographic assessments may be considered a valid tool for the assessment of the peripheral nervous system. High diagnostic precision exists for the cross-sectional area in carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar tunnel syndrome. There is a lack of evidence regarding the diagnosis of other neuropathies.