An efficient synthesis of a potent candidate in our respiratory program is described. The synthesis based on a key Darzens condensation-r,β-epoxide rearrangement circumvented the toxicity and safety issues encountered in the original synthesis route. Subsequent functionalization and formation of an heterocyclic moiety is presented with a particular emphasis on the practicality, robustness, and streamlining of the process.

What makes a speech act a speech act? Which are its necessary and sufficient conditions? I claim in this paper that we cannot find an answer to those questions in Austin's doctrine of the infelicities, since some infelicities take place in fully committing speech acts, whereas others prevent the utterance from being considered as a speech act at all. With this qualification in mind, I argue against the idea that intentions-considered as mental states accomplishing a causal role in the performance of the actshould be considered among the necessary conditions of speech acts. I would thus like to deny a merely 'symptomatic' account of intentions, according to which we could never make anything but fallible hypotheses about the effective occurrence of any speech act. I propose an alternative 'criterial' account of the role of intentions in speech acts theory, and analyse Austin's and Searle's approaches in the light of this Wittgensteinian concept. Whether we consider, with Austin, that speech acts 'imply' mental states or, with Searle, that they 'express' them, we could only make sense of this idea if we considered utterances as criteria for intentions, and not as alleged behavioural effects of hidden mental causes.

El miedo a los bárbaros es un libro de reacción, una réplica sagaz, pertinente y necesaria a otra obra que ha despertado tantas adhesiones como rechazos desde que fuera publicada a mediados de los años 90: El choque de civilizaciones, de Samuel P. Huntington. 1 La obra de Huntington resultó para algunos desconcertantemente acertada, profética incluso: un lustro antes de los atentados del 11 de septiembre, que habrían de forzar a muchos a cambiar su concepción de las relaciones internacionales e interculturales, Huntington ya vaticinaba que, tras el fin de la guerra fría, los conflictos que marcarían los comienzos del siglo XXI serían de carácter civilizatorio, con un claro protagonismo de las diferencias religiosas. Algunos creen que este paradigma ayuda a comprender el nuevo auge de la yihad y la escalada de tensión y de violencia a la que pudimos asistir durante la 'era Bush', que habrían tenido como causa subyacente este choque de civilizaciones irreconciliables. La obra de Todorov

According to the standard view, Montaigne’s Pyrrhonian doubts would be in the origin of Descartes’ radical Sceptical challenges and his cogito argument. Although this paper does not deny this influence, its aim is to reconsider it from a different perspective, by acknowledging that it was not Montaigne’s Scepticism, but his Stoicism, which played the decisive role in the birth of the modern internalist conception of subjectivity. Cartesian need for certitude is to be better understood as an effect of the Stoic model of wisdom, which urges the sage to build an inner space for self-sufficiency and absolute freedom.KeywordsScepticism, Stoicism, subjectivity, Michel de Montaigne, René DescartesResumenSegún el punto de vista general, las dudas pirronianas de Montaigne se situarían en el origen de los desafíos escépticos radicales del argumento cogito de Descartes. Si bien este artículo no niega tal influencia, nuestro objetivo es reconsiderarla desde una perspectiva diferente mediante el reconocimiento de que no fue el escepticismo de Montaigne sino su estoicismo el que jugó un papel decisivo en el nacimiento del concepto moderno internalista de la subjetividad. La necesidad cartesiana de certeza se entiende mejor como un efecto del modelo estoico de sabiduría, el cual impulsa al sabio a construir un espacio interior para la autosuficiencia y la libertad absoluta.Palabras claveEscepticismo, estoicismo, subjetividad, Michel de Montaigne, René Descartes.

Jonathan St.B.T. Evans y Keith Frankish (comps.), In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, xii + 369 pp.