The presence of internal waves (IWs) in the ocean alters the isotropic properties of sound speed profiles (SSPs) in the water column. Changes in the SSPs affect underwater acoustics since most of the energy is dissipated into the seabed due to the downward refraction of sound waves. In consequence, variations in the SSP must be considered when modeling acoustic propagation in the ocean. Regularly, empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) are employed to model and represent SSPs using a linear combination of basis functions that capture the sound speed variability. A different approach is to use dictionary learning (DL) to obtain a learned dictionary (LD) that generates a non-orthogonal set of basis functions (atoms) that generate a better sparse representation. In this paper, the performance of EOFs and LDs are evaluated for sparse representation of SSPs affected by the passing of IWs. In addition, an LD-based supervised framework is presented for SSP classification and is compared with classical learning models. The algorithms presented in this work are trained and tested on data collected from the shallow water experiment 2006. Results show that LDs yield lower reconstruction error than EOFs when using the same number of basis. In addition, overcomplete LDs demonstrate to be a robust method to classify SSPs during low, medium, and high IW activity, reporting comparable and sometimes higher accuracy than standard supervised classification methods.
While source localization and seabed classification are often approached separately, the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in this paper simultaneously predict seabed type, source depth and speed, and the closest point of approach. Different CNN architectures are applied to mid-frequency tonal levels from a moving source recorded on a 16-channel vertical line array (VLA). After training each CNN on synthetic data, a statistical representation of predictions on test cases is presented. The performance of a single regression-based CNN is compared to a multitask CNN in which regression is used for the source parameters and classification for the seabed type. The impact of water sound speed profile and seabed variations on the predictions is evaluated using simulated test cases. Environmental mismatch between the training and testing data has a negative impact on source depth estimates, while the remaining labels are estimated tolerably well but with a bias towards shorter ranges. Similar results are found for data measured on two VLAs during Seabed Characterization Experiment 2017. This work shows the superiority of multitask learning and the potential for using a CNN to localize an acoustic source and detect the surficial seabed properties from mid-frequency sounds.
Merchant ship-radiated noise, recorded on a single receiver in the 360–1100 Hz frequency band over 20 min, is employed for seabed classification using an ensemble of deep learning (DL) algorithms. Five different convolutional neural network architectures and one residual neural network are trained on synthetic data generated using 34 seabed types, which span from soft-muddy to hard-sandy environments. The accuracy of all of the networks using fivefold cross-validation was above 97%. Furthermore, the impact of the sound speed and water depth mismatch on the predictions is evaluated using five simulated test cases, where the deeper and more complex architectures proved to be more robust against this variability. In addition, to assess the generalizability performance of the ensemble DL, the networks were tested on data measured on three vertical line arrays in the Seabed Characterization Experiment in 2017, where 94% of the predictions indicated that mud over sand environments inferred in previous geoacoustic inversions for the same area were the most likely sediments. This work presents evidence that the ensemble of DL algorithms has learned how the signature of the sediments is encoded in the ship-radiated noise, providing a unified classification result when tested on data collected at-sea.
En la ciudad de Cúcuta el medio de transporte que predomina para la movilización de personas entre un punto y otro es elautobús tradicional, dicho servicio no ofrece a los usuarios la posibilidad de conocer de forma precisa el trayecto y el itinerariode los autobuses que transitan por la ruta. Este trabajo está orientado a diseñar e implementar un servicio web que permitavisualizar en tiempo real las rutas y los vehículos de transporte público que circulan en la ciudad de Cúcuta. La geolocalizaciónde los autobuses se realizó mediante un GPS que proporciona el posicionamiento de los vehículos mediante el protocolo NMEA0183; esta información es almacenada en un servidor para luego ser enviada (usando PHP) y visualizada. La interfaz de usuariose desarrolló a través de un sitio web funcional y de diseño adaptable para computadoras, tabletas y celulares utilizando HTML5,CSS3 y JavaScript, donde dependiendo de la ruta escogida se realiza una petición al servidor para obtener los datoscorrespondientes y mostrarlos en un mapa utilizando la API de Google Maps. Se implementó el servicio web permitiendovisualizar las rutas y la posición del vehículo en tiempo real junto con distintas variables de interés como el estado demovimiento o reposo, velocidad, rumbo y tiempo de llegada a cada una de las paradas preestablecidas en la ruta; asimismodentro del portal web se da la posibilidad de generar registros históricos concernientes a la ubicación y recorrido de cada autobúsque son visualizados mediante tablas y gráficas generadas por el usuario. Palabras Clave: Geolocalización,GPS,Servicio web,Servidor web,Transporte público
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