Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) is one of the most common serovars isolated from humans and animals. It has been suggested that ST infections in Koreans are largely due to the consumption of contaminated pork and beef. To investigate the genotypes, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns for ST isolates of different origins, a total of 70 ST strains, including 19 isolates from humans, 44 isolates from pigs, and 6 isolates from cattle, were analyzed using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), phage typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Forty-three distinct PFGE patterns were generated from 70 ST isolates, which were grouped into 14 PFGE groups (from A to N) at the level of 75% similarity. The most prevalent group was the A (A1-A17 subtypes) group, encompassing 54.5% (38/70) of ST isolates. ST isolates from pigs and cattle mostly belong to groups A and L, whereas ST isolates from humans mostly belong to groups F and C. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests using 11 antimicrobial agents showed that resistance to tetracycline (TE) (81.4%) was highly prevalent, followed by streptomycin (S) (64.3%) and nalidixic acid (NA) (31.4%) resistance. A total of seventeen antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed. Only 8.6% of isolates, including a reference strain, were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. The most prevalent resistance pattern was TE-S (37.1%), which was seen in 66.6% of bovine, 40.8% of swine and 21.1% of human isolates. Three ST isolates from humans (15.9%) showed resistance to 7-8 antimicrobials. The most predominant phage type (PT) was U302 (64.3%), followed by DT170 (10.0%). PFGE types did not coincide with antimicrobial resistance patterns and phage types; therefore, the combination of those types allowed for further differentiation between tested ST isolates.

ObjectiveTo determine overall handgrip strength (HGS), we assessed the short-term change of HGS after trigger point injection (TPI) in women with muscular pain in the upper extremities by comparison with established pain scales.MethodsThe study enrolled 50 female patients (FMS with MPS group: 29 patients with combined fibromyalgia [FMS] and myofascial pain syndrome [MPS]; MPS group: 21 patients with MPS) who presented with muscular pain in the upper extremities at Konyang University Hospital. In addition, a total of 9 healthy women (control group) were prospectively enrolled in the study. We surveyed the three groups using the following established pain scales: the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). HGS was measured in both hands of study participants using a handgrip dynamometer. We performed TPI (0.5% lidocaine, total 10 mL, injected at the pain site of upper extremities). After 20 minutes, we remeasured the patient's HGS and MPQ score.ResultsANOVA analysis was conducted among groups. Based on Tukey multiple comparison test, the majority of FIQ and SF-36 subscales, total FIQ and SF-36 scores, MPQ and HGS were significantly different between FMS with MPS and the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference between MPS and control groups. Higher HGS was positively associated with enhanced physical function, negatively associated with total FIQ and MPQ scores, and positively associated with the total SF-36 score calculated using Spearman correlation. Post-TPI MPQ decreased and HGS increased. In patient groups, a negative correlation was found between MPQ and HGS.ConclusionThe HGS test might potentially be a complementary tool in assessing the short-term treatment effects of women with muscular pain in the upper extremities.

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Objective : "Dochangbup" is one of the therapies that remove pathogenic qi [邪氣] In Dongeuibogam, it is mentioned that "Dochangbup" can treat various disorders caused by phlegm. Though, when there is a possibility of harming original qi [元氣] during the treatment or grave deficiency in patients, it is requested to consider tonifying while purging.