We investigated in vitro and in vivo glutathione (GSH)-induced intracellular thiopurine anticancer drug release on gold nanoparticle (Au NP) surfaces by means of label-free confocal Raman spectroscopy. Direct monitoring of GSH-triggered release of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) and 6-thioguanine (6TG) was achieved in real time. Live cell imaging technique provides a nanomolar range release of 6MP and 6TG from Au NP surfaces after the injection of external GSH. In vivo SERS spectra of 6TG were obtained from the subcutaneous sites in living mice after GSH treatment. GSH-triggered releases of Cy5-dye assembled on 6TG-capped Au NPs were also compared using independent fluorescence measurements. Our work demonstrates that the time-lapse Raman spectroscopic tools are useful for monitoring of the controlled release of thiopurine drug molecules in vitro and in vivo.

Neonates with this distinctive DWI pattern had a high positive rate of rotavirus infection, without evidence of other pathogens, and were characterized as term newborns with neurologic symptoms arising approximately the fifth day after birth. Although the specificity of this pattern is unclear, rotavirus testing should be considered for neonates presenting with this DWI pattern.