To evaluate the incidence, type, and risk factors associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) by Hospital Pharmacovigilance System (CHPS). A retrospective analysis was performed on 217 patients with COVID‐19 admitted to the First Hospital of Changsha in China, from January 17, 2020, to February 29, 2020. The active monitoring model in CHPS was used to detect ADR signals of the hospital information system. The risk factors for the ADRs were classified using the World Health Organization‐Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO‐UMC) system. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were carried out to analyze the risk factors of ADRs. Our results showed that the prevalence of ADRs was 37.8% in the patients, which was predominated by drug‐induced gastrointestinal disorders and liver system disorders (23.0% vs. 13.8%). The ADR could be explained by the use of lopinavir/ ritonavir and umifenovir by 63.8% and 18.1%, respectively. There were 96.8% of ADRs that occurred within 14 days of hospitalization. Multivariable analysis showed that length of stay (odds ratio (OR): 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–3.96; P = 0.04), number of drugs used in the hospital (OR: 3.17; 95% CI 1.60–6.27; P = 0.001) and underlying basic diseases (OR: 2.07; 95% CI 1.02–4.23; P = 0.04) were independent risk factor for ADRs in the patients. Together, the incidence of ADRs was significantly high during the treatment period. Moreover, the active monitoring of the CHPS system reflected ADRs during COVID‐19 treatment in the real world, which provided reference for safe medication in the clinic.

Obesity is one of the worldwide prevalent disease caused by the imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Over a 100 years of research demonstrate that hypothalamus is the critical brain region regulating energy homeostasis, and evidences suggest the participation of non-neuronal populations such as astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Recently, fat-rich diet induced hypothalamic inflammation has been found to deregulate the energy homeostasis, leading to the insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and obesity. Several underlying mechanisms have been proposed, yet compelling evidences require further elucidations. This review discusses the up to date proposed mechanisms by which fat-rich diet induces hypothalamic inflammation and obesity.

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Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is recognized as a universal tumor biomarker and a feasible therapeutic target due to its specific overexpression in cancer tissues. Despite its up-regulation in prostate cancer (PCa), biological significance and clinicopathological features of CYP1B1 are still elusive. Here, we show that overexpression or hyperactivation of CYP1B1 stimulated proliferative, migratory and invasive potential of non-tumorigenic PCa cells. Attenuation of CYP1B1 with its specific small hairpin (sh) RNAs greatly reduced proliferation through apoptotic cell death and impaired migration and invasion in PCa cells. Intratumoral injection of CYP1B1 shRNA attenuated growth of pre-existing tumors. The antitumor effect of CYP1B1 shRNA was also observed in prostate tumor xenograft mouse models. Among the genes altered by CYP1B1 knockdown, reduction of caspase-1 (CASP1) activity attenuated the antitumor effect of CYP1B1 inhibition. Indeed, CYP1B1 regulates CASP1 expression or activity. Finally, CYP1B1 expression was increased in higher grades of PCa and overall survival was significantly reduced in patients with high levels of CYP1B1 protein. CYP1B1 expression was reversely associated with CASP1 expression in clinical tissue samples. Together, our results demonstrate that CYP1B1 regulates PCa tumorigenesis by inhibiting CASP1 activation. Thus, the CYP1B1-CASP1 axis may be useful as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target for PCa.