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In this study, we propose an advanced forensic examination procedure for audio recordings generated by the Voice Memos application with iPhone Operation System (iOS)14, to verify that these are the original recordings and have not been manipulated.The proposed examination procedure consists of an analysis of the characteristics of audio recordings and of the file system of the device storing the audio recordings. To

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The number of smartwatch users has been rapidly increasing in recent years. A smartwatch is a wearable device that collects various types of data using sensors and provides basic functions, such as healthcare-related measurements and audio recording.In this study, we proposed the forensic authentication method for audio recordings from the Voice Recording application in the Samsung Galaxy Watch4 series. First, a total of 240 audio recordings from each of the four different models, paired with four different smartphones for synchronization via Bluetooth, were collected and verified. To analyze the characteristics of smartwatch audio recordings, we examined the transition of the audio latency, writable audio bandwidth, timestamps, and file structure between those generated in the smartwatches and those edited using the Voice Recording application of the paired smartphones. In addition, the devices with the audio recordings were examined via the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) tool and compared with the timestamps stored in the file system. The experimental results showed that the audio latency, writable audio bandwidth, and file structure of audio recordings generated by smartwatches differed from those generated by smartphones.Additionally, by analyzing the file structure, audio recordings can be classified as unmanipulated, manipulation has been attempted, or manipulated. Finally, we can forensically authenticate the audio recordings generated by the Voice Recorder application in the Samsung Galaxy Watch4 series by accessing the smartwatches and analyzing the timestamps related to the audio recordings in the file system.