Surface properties of implants are the keys for ensuring their long-lasting anchorage to the tissue. This study aims to develop a novel implant surface microstructure with high biocompatibility and ability of guided tissue formation. By a photolithography method, gold (Au) grids (1 x 1 mm(2) square lattices, 10 mum in grid-line width) were deposited on titanium substrates. They were oxidized with H(2)O(2) solution to yield titania (anatase) layer, and the Au grid formed channels due to larger molar volume of anatase than Ti. L-Cysteine and type I collagen were then immobilized on them to yield the target substrates, CHT-Au-cys-col. Apatite deposited within 3 days when they were soaked in Kokubo's simulated body fluid, regardless of the protein coating, but not on the bottom of the Au channel. Osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the CHT-Au-cys-col substrates, showing that (1) the cysteine-collagen coating promoted cell attachment and proliferation, and (2) the Au channels were filled with the cells which were aligned along the channel direction and were connected to the neighboring cells as well as attached to the channel wall with cytoplasmic extensions. The results thus ensured filopodial guidance for the substrates.

ᯑɛɉɇɻǽ‫ף‬ᕮո╫Ǻȗș۰༔ǤțǮɳɉɳ‫ڽ‬ȂȪɒɇʀɄࢪɛ‫ك‬ɉɇɻǽႹΚΧᙉ˛ǺǙǠȚȪəɇȬɐኝլTitania layers were deposited on titanium substrates in titanylsulfate solutions under varied concentration 0.01 and 0.03M, pH 0.67-1.27 and temperature 60 and 80c C. They were rinsed and subsequently aged in water at 80c C for 3d. The layers consisted of only rutile or rutile with trace anatase, depending on the conditions. The X-ray diffraction intensity indicates that the rutile particles grew preferably in 101 plane, regardless of being aged or not. When aged, the anatase diffraction intensity increased, and anatase newly grew in the layer consisting only of rutile. When soaked in a simulated body fluid SBF of the Kokubo recipe, the rinsed layer with only rutile was weakly active to deposit apatite within 5 d, while the other two exhibited no deposition. The aging improved activity. Although anatase is reported in the literature to be more active than rutile, the present study indicates that the rutile layer is more active. Thus, it is concluded that topotaxy or epitaxy would not work well but other issues like the presence of Ti-OH affect apatite deposition.

Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment are more and more widely applied, It’s energy efficiency proportion of total energy consumption is growing. To evaluate energy efficiency and apply high grade energy efficiency of air conditioning , that can bring considerable economic benefits and improve energy-saving initiative for the enterprises. This has great practical significance to realize Chinese energy-saving task. In this paper the air conditioning energy efficiency ratio(EER), seasonal energy efficiency ratio(SEER) and integrated part load value(IPLV) are proposed and analyzed, Many evalution methods are put forword to provide appropriate evaluation criteria for enterprise, and the energy-saving measures on the different assessment criteria are also put forward, It has some guiding significance to improve the efficiency of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.