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Background: Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), a plant native to the Tianshan valley on the border between China and Kazakhstan and inherently rich in natural rubber, inulin and other bioactive ingredients, is an important industrial crop. TKS rubber is a good substitute for natural rubber. TKS's breeding work necessitates the need to screen high-yielding varieties, hence rapid determination of rubber content is essential for the screening. Conventional analytical methods cannot meet actual needs in terms of realtime testing and economic cost. Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technology, which has developed rapidly in the eld of industrial process analysis in recent years, is a green detection technology with obvious merits of fast measurement speed, low cost and no sample loss. This research aims to develop a portable non-destructive near-infrared spectroscopic detection scheme to evaluate the content of natural rubber in TKS fresh roots. Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PyGC), was chosen as the reference method for the development of NIR prediction model.Results: 208 TKS fresh root samples were collected from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Near-infrared spectra were acquired for all samples. Randomly two-thirds of them were selected as the calibration set, the remaining one-third as the veri cation set, and the partial least squares method was successfully used to establish a good NIR prediction model at 1080-1800nm with a performance to deviation ratio (RPD) of 5.54 and coe cient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.95.Conclusions: This study showed that portable near-infrared spectroscopy could be used with ease for large-scale screening of TKS plants in farmland, and could greatly facilitate TKS germplasm preservation, high-yield cultivation, environment-friendly, high-e ciency and low-cost rubber extraction, and comprehensive advancement of the dandelion rubber industry thereof.

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for effectively supporting multimedia packet flows in an Internet environment. The following are the key contributions of this paper: (a) we propose a new transport protocol called HPF that supports multiple interleaved reliable and unreliable data sub-streams, (b) we decouple the congestion control and reliability mechanisms that are integrated in TCP -this allows us to provide congestion control for unreliable streams as well as reliable streams, and (c) we use priorities within sub-streams of a packet flow as application-defined hints for the link level scheduler to drop packets during congestion.We show through performance measurements in our experimental testbed that our approach can provide effective support for heterogeneous packet flows in the presence of dynamic networking resources.

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