Quantitative analysis of the carbonate species within clinical 10 and environmental samples is highly critical to the advancement of accurate 11 environmental monitoring, disease screening, and personalized medicine. 12Herein we report the first example of carbonate detection using 25A nalytical chemists are faced with a significant challenge to 26 develop techniques and methodologies for monitoring air, 27 water, and soil much more frequently and extensively than it is 28 possible today while significantly lowering per-sample and per-29 measurement costs. Such capabilities are expected to make a 30 significant impact in many different fields, from environmental 31 analysis to the health, security, and manufacturing industries. 32 Obviously, no single technique could address all these 33 requirements. ISEs are a class of chemical sensors that in 34 recent years went through a renaissance and showed excellent 35 potential as tools for routine monitoring and as early warning 36 systems. They are simple and low cost, show excellent 37 selectivity and sensitivity, and are easily miniaturized and 38 connected to simple communication devices. However, they 39 suffer from the existence of zero-current membrane ion fluxes 40 which presents as their fundamental limitation for becoming a 41 robust tool for long-term trace level analysis. We report here a new methodology that allows large 71 improvements in sensitivity and robustness of polymer

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The aim of this paper is to elucidate the drainage gradient method's feasibility in evaluating and screening anti-scaltants. Nine different anti-scalants were selected as research object, the results show that KCa、KJD、pH and Langelier's saturation index (LSI) can be used as indicators and KJD、pH are more sutible indicators.with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of repeated experiments were from 0.24% to 3.04%, the drainage gradient method has good repeatability.

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