BackgroundRecent reviews have synthesised the psychometric properties of measures developed to examine implementation science constructs in healthcare and mental health settings. However, no reviews have focussed primarily on the properties of measures developed to assess innovations in public health and community settings. This review identified quantitative measures developed in public health and community settings, examined their psychometric properties, and described how the domains of each measure align with the five domains and 37 constructs of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).MethodsMEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched to identify publications describing the development of measures to assess implementation science constructs in public health and community settings. The psychometric properties of each measure were assessed against recommended criteria for validity (face/content, construct, criterion), reliability (internal consistency, test-retest), responsiveness, acceptability, feasibility, and revalidation and cross-cultural adaptation. Relevant domains were mapped against implementation constructs defined by the CFIR.ResultsFifty-one measures met the inclusion criteria. The majority of these were developed in schools, universities, or colleges and other workplaces or organisations. Overall, most measures did not adequately assess or report psychometric properties. Forty-six percent of measures using exploratory factor analysis reported >50 % of variance was explained by the final model; none of the measures assessed using confirmatory factor analysis reported root mean square error of approximation (<0.06) or comparative fit index (>0.95). Fifty percent of measures reported Cronbach’s alpha of <0.70 for at least one domain; 6 % adequately assessed test-retest reliability; 16 % of measures adequately assessed criterion validity (i.e. known-groups); 2 % adequately assessed convergent validity (r > 0.40). Twenty-five percent of measures reported revalidation or cross-cultural validation. The CFIR constructs most frequently assessed by the included measures were relative advantage, available resources, knowledge and beliefs, complexity, implementation climate, and other personal resources (assessed by more than ten measures). Five CFIR constructs were not addressed by any measure.ConclusionsThis review highlights gaps in the range of implementation constructs that are assessed by existing measures developed for use in public health and community settings. Moreover, measures with robust psychometric properties are lacking. Without rigorous tools, the factors associated with the successful implementation of innovations in these settings will remain unknownElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0512-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Manipulating the position of food items within the physical food environment has consistently been found to influence item selection. However, the extent to which this strategy is effective in an online food environment is unknown. Objective This study investigated whether an intervention to position fruit and vegetable snack items as the first and last menu items in an online school canteen ordering system increased the selection of those items. It was hypothesized that at follow-up, a higher proportion of online lunch orders in intervention schools would contain the target items (fruit and vegetable snacks) in comparison to control schools. Design Six primary schools in New South Wales, Australia, were recruited to a clustered randomized controlled trial conducted over an 8-wk period. Intervention schools received a redesigned menu where the target items were positioned first and last on the online menu. Control schools received no change to their online menu. Results During the baseline period 1938 students (1203 intervention, 735 control) placed at least one online lunch order and were included in the study, with 16,109 orders placed throughout the study. There was no significant difference between groups over time in the proportion of orders that contained a “Fruit and Veggie Snack” item (OR = 1.136 [95% CI: 0.791, 1.632] P = 0.490). Conclusions Evidence from this large trial with robust study design and objectively collected data suggests that positioning fruit and vegetable snack items first and last within an online canteen menu does not increase the selection of these items. Further research is warranted to confirm this finding with other target menu items (e.g., treats) and across other purchasing contexts and online food ordering platforms. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, http://www.anzctr.org.au/ as ACTRN12616001520426.

This review aimed to investigate national estimates of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years, from countries in regions particularly burdened by dietary-related chronic illnesses. The most recent studies or reports from included countries (n = 73) with national-level consumption data of SSBs in children and adolescents, collected between January 2010 and October 2019, were considered for inclusion. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled estimates of the mean consumption of SSB in millimeters per day. Heterogeneity between national estimates was assessed using the I2 statistic and explored via subgroup analyses by the World Health Organization region, age groups, and country-level income. Forty-eight studies were included in the review reporting national estimates of consumption for 51 countries. The highest estimate of daily consumption was in China at 710.0 mL (95% confidence interval [CI] = 698.8-721.2), while the lowest was in Australia at 115.1 mL (95% CI = 111.2-119.1). Pooled synthesis of daily SSB consumption of the 51 countries was 326.0 mL (95% CI = 288.3-363.8), although heterogeneity was high, and was not explained by subgroup analyses. While there is considerable variability between countries, intake of SSB remains high among children and adolescents internationally underscoring the need for public health efforts to reduce SSBs consumption.