Marginal Zone (MZ) B cells play an important role in the clearance of blood borne bacterial infections via rapid T‐independent IgM responses. We have previously demonstrated that MZ B cells respond rapidly and robustly to bacterial particulates. To determine the MZ‐specific genes that are regulated to allow for this rapid response, resting MZ and Follicular (FO) B cells were sort‐purified and analyzed via DNA microarray. We identified 181 genes that were significantly different between the two cell populations. 92 genes were more highly expressed in MZ B cells while 81 genes were more highly expressed in FO B cells. To further understand the molecular mechanisms by which MZ B cells respond so rapidly to bacterial challenge, idiotype positive and negative MZ B cells were sort‐purified before (0 hour) or after (1 hour) i.v. immunization with R36A, heat killed Streptococcus pneumoniae, and analyzed via DNA microarray. We identified 189 genes specifically up‐regulated (> 5‐fold) and 192 genes specifically down‐regulated (> 10‐fold) by 1 hour after immunization in the idiotype positive MZ B cells. These data provide unique insight into the gene expression pattern in resting MZ vs. FO B cells and idiotype positive MZ B cells following activation, providing new candidate genes and pathways to explore.

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Rufous-spotted Torrent Frog (Amolops loloensis) is a vulnerable species, which belongs to the family Ranidae and is distributed in high-gradient streams of Sichuan and Yunnan, China. In this study, we first determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of A. loloensis (GenBank accession no. KT750963). The mitogenome sequence of A. loloensis was 18 926 bp in size. It contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a D-loop region. Amolops loloensis shared the same gene arrangement pattern with A. mantzorum. The O structures of A. loloensis and A. mantzorum were both located at the upstream of trnA-trnN, while the O structures of A. ricketti and A. wuyiensis were both located at the downstream of trnA-trnN. It is of great interest to discuss the gene rearrangement mechanisms in the following study.

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