To enhance the estimation accuracy of battery's state of charge, it is imperative to estimate the battery model parameter. To reduce the calculation efforts, the number of the battery model parameter to be estimated should be less while ensuring the state of charge estimation accuracy. Especially in engineering applications, the calculating ability is usually limited. So, it needs to choose the critical battery model parameter to be estimated. This paper's contributions are as follows: The global sensitivity analysis of the battery model parameter is achieved by the Monte Carlo simulation method. The results show that the open circuit voltage and the ohmic resistance are the high sensitivity parameters. Guided by the results of parameter sensitivity analysis, a dual extended Kalman filters method is utilized to achieve online battery model parameter estimation. The experiments prove that the state of charge estimation accuracy is improved by the online parameter estimation. Estimating high sensitivity parameters can reduce running time. And the SOC estimation accuracy can be guaranteed.

The continuous emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants led to a rapid decline in protection efficacy and neutralizing titers even after three doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we report an open-labeled phase I clinical trial of a modified mRNA vaccine (SYS6006) as a fourth-dose booster in healthy adults. Eighteen eligible participants, who had completed three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, received a fourth boosting dose of SYS6006-20 μg. Eighteen convalescent COVID-19 patients were enrolled for the collection of serum samples as a comparator of immunogenicity. The primary endpoint of this trial was titers of anti-receptor binding domain of spike glycoprotein (RBD) antibodies of the Omicron strain (BA.2 and BA.4/5) in serum; titers of neutralizing antibodies against pseudovirus of the Omicron strain (BA.2 and BA.4/5). The secondary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events within 30 days after the boosting. The exploratory endpoint was the cellular immune responses (interferon gamma, IFN-γ). This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) website. No serious adverse events were reported within 30 days after vaccination. No grade 3 fever or serious adverse event was reported in the SYS6006 group. Notably, SYS6006 elicited higher titers and longer increases in anti-RBD antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (>90 days) compared with the convalescent group (P <0.0001) against Omicron strain (BA.2 and BA.4/5). Besides, higher positive spots of T-cell-secreting IFN-γ were observed in the SYS6006 group than those in the convalescent group (P <0.05). These data demonstrated that SYS6006 was well tolerated and highly immunogenic, generating a stronger and more durable immune response against different variants of SARS-CoV-2.

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