Previous investigations of urban heat islands (UHI) are primarily focused either on the canopy heat island intensity (aUHII) derived from weather stations, or on the surface urban heat island intensity (sUHII) derived from satellite instruments. Research of the relationship between sUHII and aUHII (the sUHII‐aUHII relationship) is limited and this study attempts to further progress this possibility by examining the night‐time sUHII‐aUHII relationship for three factors: season, wind speed (WS), and basic land‐use categories modified from local climate zones (urban/suburban), in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Using high‐resolution datasets of canopy air temperature from Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory and land surface temperature from the MODIS instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, with a unique methodology of regression analysis, confidence ellipse analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and 2‐D Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K‐S) tests, statistical evidence is provided to present the varying patterns and magnitudes between sUHII and aUHII. The significance of the impact of the three considered factors is clearly supported by the statistical tests. The results indicate that satellite data can be used to infer aUHII with a higher confidence for low WS conditions. Results also demonstrate better confidence in the approach for summer and spring seasons, and for more urbanized sites. Indeed, the analysis potentially indicates that wind advection is a key factor for the investigation of the sUHII‐aUHII relationship. Overall, the methods used here are transferable to other cities and/or can be used to guide further research to explore the sUHII‐aUHII relationship under other environmental conditions.

Urban green space (UGS), as a form of green infrastructure, has been given increasing attention in urban planning and its policies. The quality of a UGS is fundamental for the sustainable development of the urban economy, society, environment, and quality of human life, although UGS is unevenly distributed within cities. Aiming to analyze the quality of UGS at the scale of Jiedaos in China, this paper took Haizhu district in Guangzhou as a case study based on collected data from 2010 and aerial imagery from 2012. The Urban Neighborhood Green Index (UNGI) was established by combining four weighted parameters: the green index (P1), the density of buildings (P2), proximity to green areas (P3) and building height (P4). Results from comparing with green index show that (1) the UNGI performed better for UGS planning due to its ability of uncovering impact of the built environment and its accessibility on quality of UGS; (2) the UGS has significant effects on neighbors, which underlies social inequity of UGS supply and presents rich information for urban planning and decision making; (3) a small green field attaching to a community plays a key role in fulfilling the need of neighbors for green space, fitness, and leisure in China, which is usually ignored due to the ownership of private property. It suggests recognizing UGS and improving its quality in old towns as well as improving urban villages characterized by poor quality of green space with green infrastructures. The UNGI can inform city planners regarding their consideration of UGS, and it can contribute to measurements of sustainability and the development of green infrastructure.

Interest in the investigation of the relationship between surface heat island intensity (sUHII) and canopy heat island intensity (aUHII) (sUHII-aUHII relationship) is growing mainly because of the global availability of satellite-sensed land surface temperature (T s). It is hoped that if such a universal relationship can be found, it could compensate for the spatial discontinuity of air temperature (T a) measurements that currently exist due to a paucity of weather stations in urban areas. In an attempt to investigate differences in the relationship in different urban environments, this study attempts to compare the linear sUHII-aUHII relationship between Oklahoma City, OK, and Birmingham, UK, based on the observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and two dense urban meteorological networks (UMNs). Regression models and confidence ellipse, with two statistical tests, are applied in the comparison analysis under different climatic conditions with respect to specific ranges of wind speed (WS) and daily-accumulated solar radiation (DASR). Some general patterns of the linear sUHII-aUHII relationship are found across the two cities, such as the reduced rate of change of aUHII with respect to sUHII with increasing WS and the non-negligible advection effect in this relationship. Meanwhile, the differences of the linear sUHII-aUHII relationship across two cities are reduced under ideal conditions (clear skies, calm and large input of solar radiation from previous day into urban system). More importantly, the results emphasize the influence of the configuration of UMNs on the sUHII-aUHII relationship. By removing the climatic element in the relationship (i.e., WS and DASR), the impacts of the different local environments, source areas, and general configurations of the UMN become evident, indicating that a standardized protocol for the designs of UMN is the prerequisite for the generalization of the sUHII-aUHII relationship across cities.

<p>It has been well-recognised that the horizontal advection can modulate the downwind footprint of the urban heat island (UHI). However, limited studies have considered the urban heat advection (UHA) generated from this boundary-layer process, mainly due to the lack of a dense network of sensor to sufficiently resolve the local climate in a city. For the first time, this study explores the possible influence of the horizontal advection on the nocturnal surface urban heat island sensed by the MODIS satellite (sUHA) over a ten-year period. Results show that the heat transport from urban to downwind areas can be observed by the satellite instrument. A significant warming up to 0.5 ºC and 1.7 ºC were found at city (Birmingham) and regional scale (West Midlands area), respectively. The amplification of the sUHA at regional scale was largely attributed to the topography effects according to the significant correlation between sUHA and a topography index (i.e. R<sup>2</sup>=0.53). An approximate 0.5 ºC can be corrected for sUHA after minimising the topography impact by applying a statistical method. Overall, this study highlighted the value of the satellite instrument to investigate the UHA at both city and regional scale. However, more importantly, the topography was found to have considerable influences on regulating the heat transfer from urban to its downwind areas, which provides further implications for urban planning and risk management with respect to the UHI.</p>