Aim The study aimed to investigate the association between the nocturnal sleep duration and five obesity indicators, namely, visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), bodyweight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Ningbo, China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using the National Metabolic Management Centre (MMC) - Ningbo First Hospital data from 1st March 2018 to 28th February 2021. Adults with T2DM were included in the study. Simple and multiple (adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and health conditions) linear regression analyses were performed to identify the associations. Results In terms of VFA, SFA, bodyweight, BMI and WC, the eligibility criteria were satisfied by 2771, 2771, 2863, 2863 and 2862 patients, respectively. In the unadjusted model, the shorter nocturnal sleep duration was associated with higher VFA, SFA, bodyweight, BMI and WC. In other words, an hour increase in the nocturnal sleep duration was associated with a decrease of 2.07 cm 2 in VFA (regression coefficient = −2.07; 95% CI = −3.25 to −0.88), 2.67 cm 2 in SFA (−2.67; −4.55 to −0.78); 0.82 kg in bodyweight (−0.82; −1.2 to −0.43), 0.2 kg/m 2 in BMI (−0.2; −0.31 to −0.09) and 0.46 cm in WC (−0.46; −0.76 to −0.16). In the adjusted models, the shorter nocturnal sleep duration was still found to be associated with higher VFA, SFA, bodyweight, BMI and WC (except SFA and WC in models where we further adjusted for health conditions). Conclusion The nocturnal sleep duration among people with T2DM in Ningbo, China is negatively associated with visceral and general obesity indicators (VFA, bodyweight and BMI). Thus, there is a need for appropriate interventions to address the issue of sleep deprivation.

Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to microvascular complications including diabetic kidney disease. Albuminuria is an important marker to diagnose kidney injury in T2DM patients and healthy sleep duration is important for maintaining good health in patients with T2DM. However, the association between sleep duration and albuminuria in T2DM patients is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between sleep duration and albuminuria in patients with T2DM in Ningbo, China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at National Metabolic Management Centre (MMC) - Ningbo First Hospital from March 2018 to February 2021. Adult patients with T2DM were included in the study. The sleep duration (daytime and nocturnal) was self-reported. Albuminuria was defined as the presence of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association. Results There were 2688 T2DM patients in the study. In the unadjusted model (1), the odds of albuminuria increased with the daytime sleep duration (31–60 minutes: OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09–1.71; ≥61 minutes: 1.73, 1.33–2.24). Similarly, after adjusting for age and sex (model 2), the odds of albuminuria increased with the daytime sleep duration (31–60 minutes: 1.34, 1.07–1.68; ≥61 minutes: 1.69, 1.30–2.20). After adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, overweight/obesity, hypertension, hyperuricaemia, duration of T2DM, glycated haemoglobin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker usage and nocturnal sleep duration (model 3), the odds of albuminuria increased with the daytime sleep duration (31–60 minutes: 1.33, 1.04–1.71; ≥61 minutes: 1.71, 1.29–2.26). However, no relationship was found between nocturnal sleep duration and albuminuria. Conclusion Longer daytime sleep is found to be associated with albuminuria in patients with T2DM in Ningbo, China but no association is found between nocturnal sleep duration and albuminuria. The findings are exploratory, and there is a need for longitudinal studies on this topic.

BACKGROUND The trend of using social media as a platform to deliver weight management interventions is substantial. This illustrates a need to develop a holistic understanding of doctor-patient communication and patient-patient communication in social media and the impacts on overweight and obese adults’ weight management. Studies like this will shed light on how social media can be more effectively integrated into weight management programs to enhance individuals’ short-term and long-term weight management behaviors and to improve the end result of preferred weight outcomes. OBJECTIVE This qualitative study explored the interplay of three social influence factors: social support, social comparison, and surveillance derived from two sources: doctor-patient communication and peer interactions in a social media-based weight management program. The study aimed to address how social media support, comparison, and surveillance affect overweight and obese adults’ self-regulation of weight management. The program, designed and implemented by the research team based in a tertiary referral hospital in a southeastern province in China, included both diet and physical activity components. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with 32 program participants with variations in age (M = 35.59, SD = 7.67), gender, duration of program membership (M = 1.4 years), and weight loss outcomes (-9.4% to 54.2% weight loss). All interview data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated using the translation-back-translation technique. Nvivo software was used to facilitate the coding process. RESULTS Results of thematic analysis indicated the distinct functions of professionally-led support and peer support. Professional support was presented in the form of capacity building. Peer support fostered empathy and sense of belonging and had a mutually constitutive relationship with peer comparison and peer-based surveillance. Peer comparison enhanced motivation and positive competition. However, it could also reinforce negative group norms and resulted in downturns in reference standards. Social media surveillance prompted participants’ reactions to the gaze from medical professionals and peers that could be cooperative or resisting. Findings from this study illustrated the interrelated and fluctuant influences of support, comparison, and surveillance. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the interactive characteristics of social media eased the practices of social support and social comparison and created new forms of surveillance related to weight management. The theoretical contribution of the study was an in-depth understanding of social media influences on individuals’ weight management behaviors. Practical implications of the study concerned improved strategies for maintaining the positive dynamics of social media interactions and preventing negative resistance to surveillance technology. CLINICALTRIAL Clinical Trials ChiCTR1900025861.