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Objective: Commercial health insurance is an important link in both establishing a multi-layer social security system and as a means of facilitating social fairness and the distribution of wealth. This study evaluates the influence of commercial health insurance on resident income inequality and analyses its influencing mechanism from the perspective of catastrophic medical expenditures. Method: 7,404 research samples from the China General Social survey (CGSS) hybrid databases for the years 2015, 2017, and 2018 were analysed. The influence of commercial health insurance on resident income inequality and its mechanism of action were tested through an OLS regression model and mediating effect model. Results:Commercial health insurance inhibits resident income inequality significantly, especially for respondents below 60 years of age in rural areas and western China. Commercial health insurance was found to relieve resident income inequality by lowering the occurrence rate of catastrophic medical expenditures. Conclusions:The complementary advantages of government and market mechanisms should be developed fully to accelerate the coordinated development of basic medical insurance and commercial medical insurance. Moreover, considerations should be given to differences among groups. It is suggested that the public should be relieved of the financial burden of major and critical diseases, that the differences in residents’ income levels should be narrowed, and that the distribution of wealth should be facilitated.

For the existing lack of empirical research of relationship between social security expenditure and private consumption, this paper verified the existence of nonlinear relationship between both in China from 1952 to 2009 by applying nonlinear STR model. The conclusions demonstrate that between both is obviously negative relationship, although it is similar to most of the existing conclusions, but different in manifestation, i.e. the negative relationship presents remarkable stage characteristics and is frequently converted between linear and nonlinear. This negative relationship can be specifically divided into three stages: 1. negative nonlinear relationship from the year 1958 to 1963; 2. insignificant relationship from the year 1964 to 1978; 3. the reconverted negative nonlinear relationship from the year 1979 to 2009.The maximum elasticity of social security expenditure in the second and third order lags on consumption level amount to -0.0898 and -0.1024 respectively, and the crowding out effect is higher. These conclusions provide a realistic theoretical basis for China to develop and implement policies of social security expenditure.

Abstract:With the continuous development of China's higher education and the rapid expansion of students, the student management in higher education is becoming more and more important. In this paper, the author analyzes the three dimensions of student management as management object, management theory and management experience. Then, the author makes empirical analysis by using exploratory factor method, the result shows that the cumulative variance contribution rate is 68.7% and prove that these three factors has strong explanation ability in student management. From the reliability test, the result shows that cronbach's alpha of these three dimensions are 0.9072, 0.8472 and 0.8116, and all the correlation is greater than 0.5. It proves that the initial scale has good internal consistency and reliability. Finally, the author put forward relevant policy suggestions for student management in higher education institutions.