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The development of saltiness or saltiness enhancement peptides is important to decrease the dietary risk factor of high sodium. Taste peptides in the yeast extract were separated by ultrafiltration and subsequently identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The 377 identified peptides were placed into the umami receptor T1R1/T1R3. The results showed that eight taste peptides with higher binding energies were screened by molecular virtual docking, and the results revealed that Asp218, Ser276, and Asn150 of T1R1 play key roles in umami docking of peptides. The taste characteristic description and saltiness enhancement effect results suggested that PKLLLLPKP (sourness and umami, 0.18 mM), GGISTGNLN (sourness, 0.59 mM), LVKGGLIP (umami, 0.28 mM), and SSAVK (umami, 0.35 mM) had higher saltiness enhancement effects. The sigmoid curve analysis further confirmed that the taste detection threshold of the GGISTGNLN in the peptide and salt model (157.47 mg/L) was lower than 320.99 mg/L and exhibited a synergistic effect on saltiness perception, whereas SSAVK, PKLLLLPKP, and LVKGGLIP exhibited additive effects on the saltiness perception. This work also corroborated previous research, which indicated that the sourness and umami taste attributes could enhance the saltiness perception.

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Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an enjoyable condiment. However, evidence is accumulating to indicate that an excessive intake of Na+ in food may lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Previous systematic reviews have focused on replacing NaCl with other metal salts (e.g. KCl). However, new salty flavor enhancers (yeast extract, taste peptides, and odor compounds) have yet to be reviewed. This systematic review evaluates the methods for, and feasibility, of NaCl reduction. It defines NaCl reduction and considers the methods used for this purpose, especially the use of flavor enhancers (yeast extract, taste peptides, and odor compounds). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.