Applying the visualized bibliometric analysis method, we explored the overall distribution characteristics, research progress, and hotspots of current research on the effect of the built environment on the physical activity of children and adolescents from 2003 to 2022. The research results indicate that the United States, Canada, Australia, and other Western countries are the primary forces of relevant research and have a solid foundation in the research on the impact of the built environment on the physical activity of children and adolescents. Sallis, Saelens, Gile-Corti, and other early authors have had a long-term, important role in this area. The research results have continuously guided new scientific research output for a long time, and emerging research forces have also played a directional role in future research trends, represented by publications such as American Preventive Medicine and Preventive Medicine. Obesity, health behaviors, home–school environment, and various correlations are the research hotspots in this field. This study systematically summarizes and analyzes research on the built environment’s promotion of physical activity among children and adolescents, and it provides valuable guidance and reference for follow-up research in the near future.