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Freeze–thaw cycle is one of the main distresses of asphalt pavement, and the law of freeze–thaw damage has always been an important topic. In this paper, X-ray computed tomography (CT) of asphalt mixture before and after freezing and thawing was carried out, and its two-dimensional (2D) digital image was recognized. Firstly, the eigenvalues of internal voids of asphalt mixture are extracted. Then the distribution of internal voids was analyzed. Finally, the evolution law of internal voids was summarized. The research results show that the characteristic mean value of the 9th cycle is the irreversible limit of freeze–thaw damage, and the non-resilience after the large void area increases is the fundamental reason for the accumulation of freeze–thaw damage. The source of void damage shifts from large voids to small voids, and the middle-stage is a critical stage of freeze–thaw damage. This work quantitatively evaluates the internal freeze–thaw damage process of asphalt mixture, and a morphological theory of the evolution of void damage based on an equivalent ellipse is proposed, which is helpful for better understanding the freezing–thawing damage law of asphalt pavement.