In bike-sharing systems, the spatiotemporal imbalance of bike flows leads to shortages of bikes at some locations and overages at some others, depending on the time of the day, resulting in user dissatisfaction. Repositioning needs to be performed timely to deal with the spatiotemporal imbalance and to meet user demand in time. In this paper, we study the dynamic intra-cell repositioning of bikes by a single mover in free-floating bike-sharing systems. Considering that users can drop off bikes almost anywhere in free-floating systems, we study the simultaneous reposition of bikes among gathering points and collection of bikes scattered along the paths between gathering points under stochastic demands at both the gathering points and along the paths. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP), design a policy function approximation (PFA) algorithm, and apply the optimal computing budget allocation method (OCBA) to search for the optimal policy parameters. We perform a comprehensive numerical study using test instances constructed based on the real data set of a major free-floating bike-sharing company in China, which demonstrates the outperformance of the proposed PFA policy against the benchmark policies and the practical implications on the value of repositioning and the impact of bike scatteredness.

The cognitive relay wireless communication system is lack of the specific cooperation needs between primary user (PU) and secondary user (SU). In this paper, we propose an optimal cooperative scheme of energy harvesting cognitive relay based on SU's willingness. The SU chooses to carry small packets of data according to their own needs to cooperate with PU. The maximum throughput equation of SU is derived from the proposed optimal cooperation scheme. The improved artificial bee colony (IABC) algorithm is used to solve SU's throughput equation optimization problem. The simulation results show that the IABC algorithm has better convergence than the original algorithm. The system throughput has been improved obviously.