No abstract

In 2005, the Chinese government announced an ambitious goal of reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20% between 2005 and 2010. One of the key initiatives for realizing this goal is the Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises program. The energy consumption of these 1000 enterprises accounted for 33% of national and 47% of industrial energy usage in 2004. Under the Top-1000 program, 2010 energy consumption targets were determined for each enterprise. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the program design and initial results, given limited information and data, in order to understand the possible implications of its success in terms of energy and carbon dioxide emissions reductions and to recommend future program modifications based on international experience with similar target-setting agreement programs. Even though the Top-1000 Program was designed and implemented rapidly, it appears that -depending upon the GDP growth rate --it could contribute to somewhere between approximately 10% and 25% of the savings required to support China's efforts to meet a 20% reduction in energy use per unit of GDP by 2010.

A digital nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer based on a PC is described. The instrument works in a digital manner not only in rf frequency synthesis but also in receiver detection and filtering. A control program and a data processing procedure are developed using the Delphi 5 for Windows ’95/’98 operating system. Compared with a traditional spectrometer, the present design is rather simple in its hardware parts. As a consequence, building a NMR spectrometer using the proposed design is simple and low cost.

China faces a significant challenge in the years ahead to continue to provide essential materials and products for a rapidly-growing economy while addressing pressing environmental concerns. China's industrial sector is heavily dependent on the country's abundant, yet polluting, coal resources. While tremendous energy conservation and environmental protection achievements were realized in the industrial sector in the past, there remains a great gulf between the China's level of energy efficiency and that of the advanced countries of the world. Internationally, significant energy efficiency improvement in the industrial sector has been realized in a number of countries using an innovative policy mechanism called Voluntary Agreements. This paper describes international experience with Voluntary Agreements in the industrial sector as well as the development of a pilot program to test the use of such agreements with two steel mills in Shandong Province, China.

A complete digital radio-frequency source suitable for broadband nuclear magnetic resonance applications is described. The use of a complete direct digital synthesis chip makes the design not only as a frequency- and phase-continuous tunable radio-frequency source, but also as an arbitrary wave form generator. This rf source is capable of generating a signal with frequency from dc up to 135 MHz directly. The whole design is mounted on a printed circuit board that can be inserted into one of the industry standard architecture slots in the personal computer and is controlled by the software. Details about the implementation and characteristics of the whole design are discussed in this article.