Background Aplastic anemia (AA), a disease of bone marrow failure, is caused by CD8 + T mediated apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. However, traditional immunosuppressive therapy (IST) has severe liver and kidney toxicity and even cannot achieve the expected therapeutic effect in some patients. Purpose Our study is aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of dioscin (DNS) for treating AA. Methods Briefly, we established and evaluated the AA mouse model, DNS and positive control drugs were used for intervention treatment. After 14 days of intervention, femoral bone marrow pathology, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) apoptosis rate, bone marrow CD34+ cell surface Fas (CD95) expression and Fas signaling pathway key proteins were detected. Results After the establishment of the AA mouse model, the number of peripheral blood cells including granulocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, platelets and reticulocytes in the AA group model was significantly decreased compared with the group control (P < 0.01). The degree of bone marrow hyperplasia in the sternum and femur is extremely low. After different drug interventions, compared with the group model, the number of peripheral blood cells in the AA mice rebounded significantly in group DNS (P < 0.01). Not only that the apoptosis rate of BM-MCs decreased (P < 0.01), meanwhile, the CD95 molecule expressed on the CD34+ bone marrow cells had a significant decline (P < 0.01), and the expression level of the key proteins of Fas signaling pathway was also significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion DNS recovered the peripheral pancytopenia and bone marrow failure in AA mice. DNS reduced the key protein of Fas signaling pathway level to inhibit apoptosis of bone marrow cells to treat AA.