No abstract

Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) mediates pro-inflammatory responses by recruiting and activating inflammatory cells. eATP is hydrolyzed by CD39 to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is converted to the immunosuppressive nucleoside adenosine (ADO) by CD73. CD39 is the rate-limiting enzyme in this cascade and can be viewed as an immunological switch that shifts ATP-driven pro-inflammatory immune cell activity to an anti-inflammatory state mediated by ADO. CD39 is expressed by a broad range of immune cells and can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that CD39 is involved in several pathophysiological events, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, allergic diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and cancer. Here, we focus on the current understanding of CD39 in immunity, and presents a comprehensive picture of the multiple roles of CD39 in a variety of disorders.

Optical access networks have been evolving to meet the explosive growth of data traffic. It is foreseeable that the 100Gb/s/λ and beyond passive optical network (PON) will be required in future optical access networks. Coherent optical communication is a promising solution for the future beyond 100G PON. However, the traditional digital signal processing (DSP) for coherent optical communication is difficult to realize fast convergence due to blind and complex algorithms. In this paper, we design a specific preamble structure and propose a burst-mode DSP to achieve fast convergence for the coherent PON. For verifying the feasibility of the proposed scheme, pointto-multi-point (P2MP) coherent PON is experimentally built up based on digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM), which is a kind of frequency division multiple access. When the allocated frequency of the optical network unit is suddenly changed, the DSP should converge fast to ensure a low handoff latency. In P2MP coherent PON, the proposed specific preamble structure and burst-mode DSP jointly implement the fast convergence using a short preamble with only 416 symbols. The experimental results show that the 8-Gbaud/SC×8-SCs 400Gb/s-net-rate coherent PON in burst-mode detection achieves the receiver sensitivity of approximately −27dBm at the 20% soft-decision forward error correction limit and approximately 35.5dB optical power budget with an optical pre-amplifier.

<p>Optical access networks have been evolving to meet the explosive growth of data traffic. It is foreseeable that the 100Gb/s/λ and beyond passive optical network (PON) will be required in future optical access networks. Coherent optical communication is a promising solution for the future beyond 100G PON. However, the traditional digital signal processing (DSP) for coherent optical communication is difficult to realize fast convergence due to blind and complex algorithms. In this paper, we design a specific preamble structure and propose a burst-mode DSP to achieve fast convergence for the coherent PON. For verifying the feasibility of the proposed scheme, point-to-multi-point (P2MP) coherent PON is experimentally built up based on digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM), which is a kind of frequency division multiple access. When the allocated frequency of the optical network unit is suddenly changed, the DSP should converge fast to ensure a low handoff latency. In P2MP coherent PON, the proposed specific preamble structure and burst-mode DSP jointly implement the fast convergence using a short preamble with only 416 symbols. The experimental results show that the 8-Gbaud/SC×8-SCs 400Gb/s-net-rate coherent PON in burst-mode detection achieves the receiver sensitivity of approximately −27dBm at the 20% soft-decision forward error correction limit and approximately 35.5dB optical power budget with an optical pre-amplifier.</p>

<p>It is foreseeable that the 100 Gb/s/λ and beyond passive optical network (PON) will be required in future optical access networks to meet the explosive growth of data traffic. The coherent optical systems could be a promising solution for the future beyond 100G PON. Coherent PON using digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) can provide flexible bandwidth allocation to a large number of access subscribers by dividing subcarriers of the DSCM signal into time slots for time-and-frequency division multiple access. When the optical network unit is allocated a new subcarrier, digital signal processing (DSP) should converge fast in the allocated time slot to ensure a low handoff latency for real-time bandwidth allocation. However, the traditional coherent DSP is hard to realize fast convergence due to blind and complex algorithms. In this paper, we design a specific training sequence (TS) structure and propose data-aided DSP to achieve fast convergence for coherent PON. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is experimentally verified in an  8 Gbaud/SC×8 SCs 400 Gb/s-net-rate coherent PON using DSCM with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation. The experimental results show that fast convergence is jointly realized by the proposed TS structure and data-aided DSP using a 416-symbol TS with a 52 ns duration. The receiver sensitivity at the 20% soft-decision forward error correction limit is approximately −27 dBm and an optical power budget of about 35.5 dB is achieved with a booster amplifier.</p>