Background The overall prognosis of oral cancer remains poor because over half of patients are diagnosed at advanced-stages. Previously reported screening and earlier detection methods for oral cancer still largely rely on health workers’ clinical experience and as yet there is no established method. We aimed to develop a rapid, non-invasive, cost-effective, and easy-to-use deep learning approach for identifying oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) patients using photographic images. Methods We developed an automated deep learning algorithm using cascaded convolutional neural networks to detect OCSCC from photographic images. We included all biopsy-proven OCSCC photographs and normal controls of 44,409 clinical images collected from 11 hospitals around China between April 12, 2006, and Nov 25, 2019. We trained the algorithm on a randomly selected part of this dataset (development dataset) and used the rest for testing (internal validation dataset). Additionally, we curated an external validation dataset comprising clinical photographs from six representative journals in the field of dentistry and oral surgery. We also compared the performance of the algorithm with that of seven oral cancer specialists on a clinical validation dataset. We used the pathological reports as gold standard for OCSCC identification. We evaluated the algorithm performance on the internal, external, and clinical validation datasets by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity with two-sided 95% CIs. Findings 1469 intraoral photographic images were used to validate our approach. The deep learning algorithm achieved an AUC of 0·983 (95% CI 0·973–0·991), sensitivity of 94·9% (0·915–0·978), and specificity of 88·7% (0·845–0·926) on the internal validation dataset ( n = 401), and an AUC of 0·935 (0·910–0·957), sensitivity of 89·6% (0·847–0·942) and specificity of 80·6% (0·757–0·853) on the external validation dataset ( n = 402). For a secondary analysis on the internal validation dataset, the algorithm presented an AUC of 0·995 (0·988–0·999), sensitivity of 97·4% (0·932–1·000) and specificity of 93·5% (0·882–0·979) in detecting early-stage OCSCC. On the clinical validation dataset ( n = 666), our algorithm achieved comparable performance to that of the average oral cancer expert in terms of accuracy (92·3% [0·902–0·943] vs 92.4% [0·912–0·936]), sensitivity (91·0% [0·879–0·941] vs 91·7% [0·898–0·934]), and specificity (93·5% [0·909–0·960] vs 93·1% [0·914–0·948]). The algorithm also achieved significantly better performance than that of the average medical student (accuracy of 87·0% [0·855–0·885], sensitivity of 83·1% [0·807–0·854], and specificity of 90·7% [0·889–0·924]) and the average non-medical student (accuracy of 77·2% [0...

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A novel non-intrusive reduced order model (NIROM) for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) has been developed. The model is based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and radial basis function (RBF) interpolation method. The method is independent of the governing equations, therefore, it does not require modifications to the source code. This is the first time that a NIROM was constructed for FSI phenomena using POD and RBF interpolation method. Another novelty of this work is the first implementation of the FSI NIROM under the framework of an unstructured mesh finite element multi-phase model (Fluidity) and a combined finite-discrete element method based solid model (Y2D). The capability of this new NIROM for FSI is numerically illustrated in three coupling simulations: a one-way coupling case (flow past a cylinder), a two-way coupling case (a free-falling cylinder in water) and a vortex-induced vibrations of a elastic beam test case. It is shown that the FSI NIROM results in a large CPU time reduction by several orders of magnitude while the dominant details of the high fidelity model are captured.

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