S3 of lung cancer cases and deaths were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study. RESULTS: The total SAE of lung cancer was estimated as US $9527.1 million in China in 2015 (accounting for 0.09% of the local gross domestic product), the decomposed direct and indirect SAE were estimated as $2505.0 million (accounting for 0.4% of total healthcare expenditure in local) and $7022.1 million (73.7% of total SAE), respectively. With 42.0% and 2.4% smoking prevalence among male and female in 2005, 93.5% of the total SAE occurred in male lung cancer in 2015 ($8903.3 million). Mainly due to the variation of burden of disease, age-specific total SAE peaked at 60-64 years group, urban areas' total SAE higher than rural areas'. In 2025, the SAE of lung cancer, compared with that in 2015, would increase by 30.9% ($12471.0 million). CONCLUSIONS: This might be the most detailed estimation on economic burden of lung cancer attributable to smoking in China. SAE caused by lung cancer accounted at least one tenth of all-diseases-caused SAE, compared to previous study. Without main population-level smoking intervention introduced, the economic burden of lung cancer attributable to smoking will continually increase over the next ten years.

Based on the rapid simulation of Markov Chain on samples in failure region, a novel method of reliability analysis combining Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) with random forest algorithm was proposed. Firstly, a series of samples distributing around limit state function are generated by MCMC. Then, the samples were taken as training data to establish the random forest model. Afterwards, Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the failure probability. Finally, examples demonstrate the proposed method possesses higher computational efficiency and accuracy.

The new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used to treat and prevent thromboembolic disorders, and monitoring concentrations may be valuable in some special scenarios to prevent clinical adverse events. This study aimed to develop generic methods for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of four DOACs in human plasma and urine. Protein precipitation and one-step dilution were used to prepare the plasma and urine; the extracts were injected to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity™ UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution of 7 min. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source was employed to analyze DOACs in a positive ion mode. The methods showed great linearity in the plasma (1~500 ng/mL) and urine (10~10,000 ng/mL) for all analytes (R2 ≥ 0.99). The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were within acceptance criteria. The matrix effect and extraction recovery were 86.5~97.5% and 93.5~104.7% in the plasma, while 97.0~101.9% and 85.1~99.5% in the urine. The stability of samples during the routine preparation and storage were within the acceptance criteria of less than ±15%. The methods developed were accurate, reliable, and simple for the rapid and simultaneous measurement of four DOACs in human plasma and urine, and successfully applied to patients and subjects with DOACs therapy for anticoagulant activity assessment.