The greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) emits biosonar pulses nasally. The nostril of bats has complicated noseleaf structures, which consists of lancet, anterior leaf, sella. For the three noseleaf parts, lancet is the only one that stays away from the nostril. In addition, lancet has several furrows on the surface. It is known that the furrows in static lancet possess frequency selection characteristics, however, the effects of furrows during the lancet deformation have yet to be investigated. In this study, the 3D noseleaf models were obtained by the 3D scanning of the greater horseshoe bats noseleaf sample. Then, finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the biosonar beampattern under different degrees of lancet flexion with both natural furrow condition and voxel-filled furrow. From the numerical results, it was found that the lancet furrow can enhance the mainlobe energy gain, and regulate the sidelobes position in the acoustic beam. The results indicate that the lancet furrows in greater horseshoe bats can be critical in targeting the objectives as well as gathering environmental information around the target.
Geared rotary actuators in the leading edge flaps of an aircraft are usually composed of compound planetary gear sets with high reduction ratio. A new method using hypergraph in the power flow analysis of compound planetary gear sets in geared rotary actuator is proposed. The equation establishment method of kinematics and torques based on hypergraphs is investigated and the circulating power calculation approach is studied as well. A GRA on the aircraft was taken as an example to highlight the method.
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