As an asphalt modifier, diatomite could improve the road performance of asphalt. The adsorption property of diatomite was varied with different compositions of asphalt. The result suggested that diatomite with a developed mesoporous structure could effectively adsorb the lower molecular group and lower polar aromatic molecules, whereas it could not adsorb the asphaltene and resins. In addition, the adsorption amount was related to the curing time. The anchorage was formed after certain molecules in asphalt were adsorbed by diatomite and improved the property of asphalt mastic.

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The present study considers the results of a structural risk analysis for a 170 000 m 3 vessel with Ice Class IA classification operating from the Baltic Sea to Quebec, Canada. The target vessel is characterized by a Gaz Transport/Technigas (GTT) NO96 containment system for liquified natural gas (LNG) cargo. The capacity of the double-hull structure has been assessed considering inner hull deflection as the critical factor for the safety of the containment system. This capacity is compared with accidental ice load, termed as 'demand' to the LNG carrier, from ice hazards that can occur during Baltic Sea operation in winter or while operating on the Canadian east coast. Risk analysis has been performed to evaluate the risks of the considered ice features in the operation route, based on the study of capacity and demand.

Particle fracture can influence material failure and removal mechanisms in high velocity impact progress. In this paper, a coupled finite element method-smooth particle hydrodynamics numerical model of a single irregularly shaped particle erode metal surface was established to investigate the particle fracture and metal surface erosion. The Johnson–Cook model and Johnson–Holmquist-II model were introduced to describe the deformation of ductile materials and the fracture of brittle materials, respectively. Subsequently, the erosion process of a single irregularly shaped particle impacting different material properties of metal was studied. The results showed the following: (1) The JH-2 constitutive model can simulate the fracture of brittle particles accurately, and the results between simulations and experiments were in reasonable agreement. (2) The extent of particle fracture was lower on softer substrates than on the harder ones. (3) The orientation angle was a key factor affecting secondary impacts of brittle particles. (4) The rigid particle made more damage on the substrate than the brittle one under the same condition.

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