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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles including the bulb (the part of the muscles innervated by the medulla oblongata), limbs, trunk, chest, and abdomen following injury to upper and lower motor neurons. However, the reasons for developing ALS are still not very clear. Both genetic defects and environmental factors may damage motor neurons. At present, ALS is a difficult disease to cure. For environmental factors, people can change their lifestyles to reduce or avoid the effects of the environment. However, inherited genetic defects are hard to avoid. Therefore, in this paper, the author explores the treatment of ALS by analyzing and summarizing a large number of papers and experimental studies learning the relationship between genes and ALS. In conclusion, the gene TARDBP and the gene C9ORF72 were found in a large number of disease-causing genes. Mutations in these genes can lead to changes in the encoded proteins that cause the development of ALS disease.

Schizophrenia is a mental disease that affects many people. Up to now, it is still difficult to cure. So, it is important to find the causes of this disease. Genes play an important role in the many cause of schizophrenia. Many researchers have found that the genes NRG1, Erbb4, DAOA, and DISC1 can cause schizophrenia by affecting some structures of the nervous system and directly or indirectly affecting the release of neurotransmitters. Of course, each gene may have a specific pathway leading to the disease. Different genes can also interact with other genes to affect diseases, such as gene NRG1 and Erbb4, gene DAOA and DISC1. This paper summarizes some recent experiments to find the relationship between genes and schizophrenia. Some of the causes of schizophrenia summarized in this paper are important for the development of drugs to treat the disease.

Intensified inter-annual precipitation fluctuation has profoundly altered the structure and functioning of grassland ecosystems. However, it remains elusive how fertilisation and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi affect plant communities under a variable precipitation regime. We tested the interactive effects of inter-annual precipitation fluctuation, nutrient addition (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) and suppression of AM fungi on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and the species composition of plant community of a desert steppe for two consecutive years (2019 and 2020). Our study demonstrated that inter-annual precipitation fluctuation had a greater impact on ANPP and the species composition of plant community than N and P addition and AM fungi, suggesting that the impacts of fertilisation and AM fungi varied by year and may be difficult to predict over time. In a normal year (2019), N and P inputs altered the ANPP and the species composition of plant community via enhancing the biomass and dominance of annual species but had few impacts on the same parameters in a dry year (2020). AM fungi had only a minimal effect on plant communities across the two years. P input alone slightly enhanced plant species richness and diversity. Our results indicate that plant community responses to nutrient enrichment and AM fungi could be changed by inter-annual precipitation fluctuation and that precipitation is a key factor affecting plant communities in desert steppe.

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