Summary: In 1994, the International Test Commission (ITC) and seven other international organizations published a draft set of guidelines for adapting educational and psychological tests from one language and culture to other languages and cultures. The purposes of the research described in this paper were to (1) fieldtest the ITC Guidelines in an actual test adaptation project and (2) suggest any necessary revisions to the Guidelines. The fieldtest involved the adaptation of a 69-item grade-8 mathematics test from English to Chinese. The results were informative because they highlighted the sorts of problems that arise in test adaptation projects. Also, as the first formal evaluation of the ITC Test Adaptation Guidelines, this work was useful to the ITC in suggesting revisions and clarifications. The findings should also be interesting to psychologists interested in cross-cultural research because the Guidelines are being widely adopted for use around the world and evidence of their validity is important.

HIGHLIGHTS • Bifunctional electrode and electrolytic cell configuration for electrochemical water splitting are reviewed. • The different green energy systems powered water splitting are summarized and discussed. • An outlook of future research prospects for the development of green energy system powered water splitting in practical application process is proposed. ABSTRACT Hydrogen (H 2) production is a latent feasibility of renewable clean energy. The industrial H 2 production is obtained from reforming of natural gas, which consumes a large amount of nonrenewable energy and simultaneously produces greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Electrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for the H 2 production, which is sustainable and pollution-free. Therefore, developing efficient and economic technologies for electrochemical water splitting has been an important goal for researchers around the world. The utilization of green energy systems to reduce overall energy consumption is more important for H 2 production. Harvesting and converting energy from the environment by different green energy systems for water splitting can efficiently decrease the external power consumption. A variety of green energy systems for efficient producing H 2 , such as two-electrode electrolysis of water, water splitting driven by photoelectrode devices, solar cells, thermoelectric devices, triboelectric nanogenerator, pyroelectric device or electrochemical water-gas shift device, have been developed recently. In this review, some notable progress made in the different green energy cells for water splitting is discussed in detail. We hoped this review can guide people to pay more attention to the development of green energy system to generate pollution-free H 2 energy, which will realize the whole process of H 2 production with low cost, pollution-free and energy sustainability conversion.

The graded response model can be used to describe test-taking behavior when item responses are classified into ordered categories. In this study, parameter recovery in the graded response model was investigated using the MULTILOG computer program under default conditions. Based on items having five response categories, 36 simulated data sets were generated that varied on true 0 distribution, true item discrimination distribution, and calibration sample size. The findings suggest, first, the correlations between the true and estimated parameters were consistently greater than 0.85 with sample sizes of at least 500. Second, the root mean square error differences between true and estimated parameters were comparable with results from binary data parameter recovery studies. Of special note was the finding that the calibration sample size had little influence on the recovery of the true ability parameter but did influence item-parameter recovery. Therefore, it appeared that item-parameter estimation error, due to small calibration samples, did not result in poor personparameter estimation. It was concluded that at least 500 examinees are needed to achieve an adequate calibration under the graded model.Researchers in item response theory (IRT) have concentrated on the implementation of binary statistical models for achievement and ability measurement. There has been minimal interest in exploring the potential of polychotomous models. The graded model (Samejima, 1969), in contrast to the well established one-, two-, and three-parameter (Lord, 1980) binary models, is appropriate when item responses can be ordered into more than two categories along an agreedisagree or high-low trait continuum.Recently, a parameterization program named MULTILOG (Thissen, 1986) has been developed for implementing the logistic graded model. Researchers wishing to build IRT-based test banks consisting of graded items are concerned about how well item parameters can be recovered. Hence, in this research, simulated data sets with known properties were generated, submitted to MULT1LOG, and the observed item parameters compared to the generating parameters. The Graded Response ModelAlthough Samejima (1969) developed the graded model to analyze cognitive processes, thus far it appears that the model is of primary interest in attitude (Koch, 1983) and personality measurement (Reise, 1989). Yet, the graded model 133