BACKGROUND VKC is one of the most common ocular allergies. This study was undertaken with the objective of studying its clinical profile in the region of Ghaziabad over a period of 1 year. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 cases diagnosed with VKC on the grounds of history and presence of characteristic clinical features from May 2017 to June 2018. Diagnosis was based on detailed history and examination. Visual acuity was recorded on Snellen's chart. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was done to evaluate corneal and conjunctival involvement. RESULTS Majority of cases presented in the age group of 5-15 years with mean age 15.9 years. In the study group, 68% were males and 32% were females, with M: F ratio 2.2:1. 96% cases presented with itching, followed by redness and pain/discomfort (88%). Tarsal papillary hypertrophy (60%) was the commonest sign seen, followed by cobble stone appearance (31%), Horner Trantas dots (29%). History of atopy was present in 32% cases. Palpebral form of VKC was found to be the commonest (54%). 44.82% in mixed pattern of VKC were observed to have corneal involvement. CONCLUSION VKC was found to have a male preponderance over females with maximum number of cases below 15 years of age. Most common complaint was found to be itching and the commonest clinical pattern observed was palpebral form.

BACKGROUND Myopia is the most common refractive error that affects all the age groups. Axial length is the primary factor for the determination of myopia and the purpose of this study is to measure the axial length in myopic patients using A-scan ultrasonography and study their correlation with various entities. The aim of this study was to find axial length in myopic patients using A-scan ultrasonography in patients above 20 years of age group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data of 100 patients (200 eyes), who were all myopic above 20 years of age attending our OPD from December 2016 to May 2018 was analysed. The measurement of axial length was performed respectively in 200 eyes by A-scan ultrasonography. Three to four readings were taken for each eye. Keratometry reading was taken and readings noted in millimeter. A detailed slit lamp biomicroscopy and fundus examination with direct, indirect ophthalmoscopy and 90D was done. RESULTS The axial length of myopic eyes varies from 22.86 mm to 31.81 mm using A-scan ultrasonography. There was significant increase in axial length with advance in age. There is increase in mean axial length with increase in degree of myopia. The degenerative changes and complications increased with increase in axial lengths. CONCLUSION Axial length increases with increase in age and increase in myopia. It was also found that myopia is higher in females than males.

BACKGROUNDRefractive error is a common ocular condition and the purpose of this study was to find out the common causes of refractive error in children. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and pattern of refractive error in children in 10-17 years age group in Ghaziabad region. MATERIALS AND METHODSIt's a prospective study done on 100 children between 10-17 years of age group, attending outpatient department. Study period was one year from July 2017 to June 2018. Consent was obtained from patient's guardian. Data were collected by history taking and comprehensive ocular examination, Visual acuity test for both distance and near vision. Refractive error assessed by cycloplegic drug with 1% Homatropine eye drops and retinoscopy done by streak retinoscope. Subjective refraction was done after one week. Objective refraction was carried out and documented. Both BCVA and uncorrected refractive errors were ascertained and recorded. Inclusion criteria is all children between 10 to 17 years with refractive errors. Children with ocular trauma, congenital cataract, lid pathologies, corneal opacity, choroid and retinal disorders were excluded from this study. RESULTSOut of 100 cases of refractive error, 43% of myopia, 13% of hypermetropic, 41% of astigmatism and amblyopia is 3%. Refractive error is more in female (52%) than male (48%). Headache as the commonest symptom. Positive family history given by 29% of patients. Correctable refractive errors constitute 85% of the total cases. CONCLUSIONMost common refractive error found in children is Myopia. School screening is required for early diagnosis of refractive error. Corrective glasses are prescribed to children for correction of refractive errors.