The tooth-marked tongue is an important indicator in traditional Chinese medicinal diagnosis. However, the clinical competence of tongue diagnosis is determined by the experience and knowledge of the practitioners. Due to the characteristics of different tongues, having many variations such as different colors and shapes, tooth-marked tongue recognition is challenging. Most existing methods focus on partial concave features and use specific threshold values to classify the tooth-marked tongue. They lose the overall tongue information and lack the ability to be generalized and interpretable. In this paper, we try to solve these problems by proposing a visual explanation method which takes the entire tongue image as an input and uses a convolutional neural network to extract features (instead of setting a fixed threshold artificially) then classifies the tongue and produces a coarse localization map highlighting tooth-marked regions using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Efforts to develop microcapsules that respond to different stimuli derive from the incorporation of multiple dynamic assemblies of diverse functional species to the capsule shells. However, this usually involves complicated preparation processes that ultimately hinder the integration of multiple functionalities in a single material. This is addressed in the present work by proposing a multilevel interfacial assembly approach involving polymeric complexes that facilitate the fabrication of multistimuli-responsive microcapsules based on one-step Pickering emulsification using oppositely charged polycation–graphene oxide (GO) and polyanion–surfactant complexes prepared in immiscible liquid solutions. The complexes initially stabilize the emulsion based on electrostatic interactions. Subsequently, the highly dynamic bonding between the polymeric complexes facilitates the rearrangement of components at the oil/water interface to form a continuous interfacial shell membrane. The integrity of the microcapsule shells is sensitive to near-infrared irradiation owing to the GO component and is also sensitive to NaCl content because the assemblies between nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes are bonded through electrostatic interactions. The generality of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by the interfacial assembly of polycation–Fe3O4 complexes and polyanion–surfactant complexes. The resulting microcapsules exhibit salt responsiveness, pH responsiveness, and the ability to be positioned controllably by the application of an external magnetic field. This work provides a promising approach for the preparation of multistimuli-responsive microcapsules.

An iridium-catalysed highly chemo- and regioselective reduction–elimination of steroidal 4-en-3-ones to 3,5-dienes in water is realized.

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