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In this paper, we propose two decision models for decentralized and centralized fresh produce supply chains with stochastic supply and demand and controllable transportation time. The optimal order quantity and the optimal transportation time in these two supply chain systems are derived. To improve profits in a decentralized supply chain, based on analyzing the risk taken by each participant in the supply chain, we design a set of contracts which can coordinate this type of fresh produce supply chain with stochastic supply and stochastic demand, and controllable transportation time as well. We also obtain a value range of contract parameters that can increase profits of all participants in the decentralized supply chain. The expected profits of the decentralized setting and the centralized setting are compared with respect to given numerical examples. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses of the deterioration rate factor and the freshness factor are performed. The results of numerical examples show that the transportation time is shorter, the order quantity is smaller, the total profit of whole supply chain is less, and the possibility of cooperation between supplier and retailer is higher for the fresh produce which is more perishable and its quality decays more quickly.

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This paper explores the interactive relationship between exploration‐exploitation strategy and alliance portfolios evolution, through examining underlying motivations of the evolution of alliance portfolios along with firm strategy change. Based on a 20‐year longitudinal case analysis on a leading Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturer, we establish a three‐stage process model: (1) stage 1: under turbulent environment and with the consequent reduction in profitability, the firm implements exploration strategy and forms weak alliance portfolio; (2) stage 2: the firm transforms its strategy from exploration to exploitation and forms strong alliance portfolio; and (3) stage 3: as this single business firm transforms into a multibusiness firm, it tends to make a balance between exploration and exploitation strategy and form weak‐strong alliance portfolio. Based on this process model, this study reveals the diverse motivations of alliance portfolios evolution along with firm strategy change, the interplay mechanisms between exploration‐exploitation strategy and weak‐strong ties portfolios, and the portfolio effects across businesses within a firm.