For all intents and purposes, craniofacial development is initiated as soon as the anteroposterior axis of an embryo is established. Although the neural crest receives a significant amount of attention, craniofacial tissue has more patterning information than other tissues of the body. New studies have further clarifi ed the contribution of ciliary epithelia as a source of patterning information for the face. In this paper, we review the craniofacial anomalies in patients with ciliopathies, in which orofacial region is a pivotal recognition of the disorder. Also, a case report of a patient with suspected ciliopathy has been presented along with a logical approach for diagnosis of such disorders.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare quantitatively and qualitatively the artifacts induced by various commonly used dental restorative materials in different sections of CBCT image and to characterize the pattern of artifact. Material and Methods: Thirty dental plaster blocks, each with one of each of mandibular second premolar, first molar and second molar teeth with crowns aligned as in the natural dentition were scanned by CBCT device and analyzed using CS 3D imaging software, before and after the first molar was prepared and restored with dental amalgam, composite resin or glass ionomer cement (GIC), 10 plaster blocks being randomly selected for each restorative material. The reformatted axial, coronal and sagittal scans were then quantitatively assessed for artifact by two calibrated dento- maxillofacial radiologists by comparing the control and restored scans of each plaster block in a blinded manner and documented the slice numbers from which the image became diagnostic. Then, the slice numbers were converted into millimeters away from the restoration. Results: Paired t test, ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analyses. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. Depending on the extent, the majority of artifacts produced were as follows: Dental amalgam >Composite resin >GIC. The artifact was most extensive in the coronal section. Streaks and scatter artifacts, linear artifacts extending outward from tooth surface and hypodense halo were predominant. Conclusion: Different dental restorative materials cause various amounts of artifacts in different planes of projection of CBCT image due to differences in density and atomic number.