The present study combines nanotechnology with the fractionation technique and presents a facile method for preparing LNPs with desired uniform and small size and lignin valorization.

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Articles you may be interested inMorphology and microstructure evolution of Al x Ga 1 − x N epilayers grown on GaN/sapphire templates with AlN interlayers observed by transmission electron microscopy Morphology and microstructure of dislocation etch pits in GaN epilayers etched by molten KOH have been investigated by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy ͑TEM͒. Three types of etch pits ͑␣, ␤, and ␥͒ are observed. The ␣ type etch pit shows an inversed trapezoidal shape, the ␤ one has a triangular shape, and the ␥ type one has a combination of triangular and trapezoidal shapes. TEM observation shows that ␣, ␤, and ␥ types etch pits originate from screw, edge, and mixed-type threading dislocations ͑TDs͒, respectively. For the screw-type TD, it is easily etched along the steps that the dislocation terminates, and consequently, a small Ga-polar plane is formed to prevent further vertical etching. For the edge-type TD, it is easily etched along the dislocation line. Since the mixed-type TDs have both screw and edge components, the ␥ type etch pit has a combination of ␣ and ␤ type shapes. It is also found that the chemical stabilization of Ga-polar surface plays an important role in the formation of various types of dislocation etch pits.

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