Disability type influences the heart rate response to power wheelchair sport, and may affect the ability to sustain training intensities associated with fitness improvement.

Since 2000, robotic-assisted surgery has rapidly expanded into almost every surgical sub-specialty. Despite the popularity of robotic surgery across the United States, a national consensus for standardized training and education of robotic surgeons or surgical teams remains absent. In this quality improvement initiative, a novel, stepwise iterative Robotic Assistant Surgical Training (RAST) curriculum was developed to broaden and standardize robotic bedside assistant training. Thirteen voluntary participants, capable of fulfilling the bedside assistant role, were evaluated to determine if RAST enhanced the learner’s self-perceived level of confidence and comfort in their role as bedside assistant. A pre- and post-RAST training survey and a between-stages repeated-measures survey were conducted. All learner participants reported statistically significant increases in confidence and comfort after RAST training, ( p =  < 0.001), and between each stage, F (2, 24 = 60.47, p < .001; = 0.834). Participant feedback regarding curriculum improvement was obtained, suggesting the desire for more training and practice, in smaller groups of 2–3 participants. One hundred percent of participants felt RAST was beneficial and that it should be implemented as standardized training during onboarding for all robotic bedside assistants. Thus, a standardized, stepwise iterative robotic bedside assistant curriculum increases learner preparedness, comfort, and confidence, safely away from the patient bedside. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11701-021-01291-8.

The presence of nonradiative losses limits the optimal absorbance of a solar energy converter. When nonradiative losses exceed radiative losses, the optimal absorbance at ν of a flat-plate device is approximately (hν−E0)/2.3 kT, where E0 is the threshold photon energy. For a given output potential, the optimal threshold E0 increases approximately as kT ln κ, where κ is the ratio of nonradiative to radiative decay rates within the absorbing material. The maximum efficiency of a terrestrial flat-plate device (AM 1.5, 28 °C) falls from 0.334 when κ=0, to 0.316 when κ=1, to 0.257 when κ=1000. Curves are displayed showing the dependence of efficiency on the potential of the process driven, the threshold photon energy, and the relative rate of nonradiative decay.