Objective: Quality care for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults has lagged behind other psychiatric disorders. We sought to assess how the achievement of quality measures (QMs) for diagnosing and treating ADHD in adults has changed over time. Method: We assessed 10 QMs in electronic health records (EHRs) from primary care and behavioral health clinics from 2010 to 2020 for 71,310 patients diagnosed with ADHD. Results: The achievement of QMs increased over time ( p < .001). Some showed increases to high levels; others remained low throughout the observation period. No patients achieved more than six of 10 QMs in any year. Small but significant effects for sex, race, ethnicity, practice ownership, practice type, and age. Conclusion: Increase in quality care from 2010 to 2020 along with clear evidence that more efforts are needed to improve quality of care for adults with ADHD seen in primary care.

Background Primary care clinicians play a critical role in diagnosis and treatment of migraine, yet barriers exist. This national survey assessed barriers to diagnosis and treatment of migraine, preferred approaches to receiving migraine education, and familiarity with recent therapeutic innovations. Methods The survey was created by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and Eli Lilly and Company and distributed to a national sample through the AAFP National Research Network and affiliated PBRNs from mid-April through the end of May 2021. Initial analyses were descriptive statistics, ANOVAs, and Chi-Square tests. Individual and multivariate models were completed for: adult patients seen in a week; respondent years since residency; and adult patients with migraine seen in a week. Results Respondents who saw fewer patients were more likely to indicate unclear patient histories were a barrier to diagnosing. Respondents who saw more patients with migraine were more likely to indicate the priority of other comorbidities and insufficient time were barriers to diagnosing. Respondents who had been out of residency longer were more likely to change a treatment plan due to attack impact, quality of life, and medication cost. Respondents who had been out of residency shorter were more likely to prefer to learn from migraine/headache research scientists and use paper headache diaries. Conclusions Results demonstrate differences in familiarity with migraine diagnosis and treatment options based on patients seen and years since residency. To maximise appropriate diagnosis within primary care, targeted efforts to increase familiarity and decrease barriers to migraine care should be implemented.

BACKGROUND The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) develops and maintains continuing medical education (CME) relevant to modern primary care practice. One CME modality is AAFP TIPSTM, comprised of resources designed for family medicine physicians and their care teams that aid in quick and accessible practice improvement strategies with actionable steps. Evaluating physicians’ use of and satisfaction with this modality’s content and strategies for implementation has not been prioritized previously. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) plays an increasing role in the treatment of diabetes; more rapid uptake occurs in endocrinology settings compared to primary care settings. To help address these differences in CGM uptake and diabetes care, AAFP TIPS CGM was developed using published evidence and input from content experts (family medicine faculty, AAFP staff, and an Advisory Group comprised of other primary care physicians, patients, and a primary care practice facilitator). A pilot implementation project was conducted in three primary care practices. OBJECTIVE To evaluate AAFP TIPS CGM in primary care practices, the research team assessed use of and satisfaction with the content and assessed barriers to and facilitators for strategy and workflow implementation. METHODS Three primary care practices participated in a mixed-methods pilot implementation of AAFP TIPS CGM between June and October 2021. Practice champions at each site completed AAFP TIPS CGM. Champions conducted a team training (via webinar or in-person) with goals of implementing CGM into practice and establishing or improving CGM workflows. Two months after team training, key informant interviews were conducted with six physicians and four patients. RESULTS Physicians and/or interdisciplinary care team members who took AAFP TIPS CGM online or attended a team training expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the education, content, and applicability of the course. CONCLUSIONS The implementation pilot of AAFP TIPS CGM offers pertinent and timely information for primary care practices that desire to initiate or expand CGM use in their workflows to best meet the needs of their patients with diabetes. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

Context: Using buprenorphine in primary care is a proven strategy to treat opioid dependence and use disorder (OUD). Buprenorphine treatment includes induction (beginning treatment), stabilization, and maintenance. Guidelines support induction at the clinic, telehealth, or at home. No randomized comparative effectiveness research (CER) study provides evidence to support decisions about which induction option best fits individual patients. Objective: To understand and address barriers to patients initiating buprenorphine treatment and practices referring patients to a randomized study. Study Design: This sub-study within a randomized CER trial comparing buprenorphine treatment induction methods used a sequential mixed-methods design analyzing 263 field notes and 50 practice member surveys. Setting: 63 primary care and mental health care practices associated with the State Networks

Background The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) develops and maintains continuing medical education that is relevant to modern primary care practices. One continuing medical education modality is AAFP TIPS, which are comprised of resources designed for family medicine physicians and their care teams that aid in quick and accessible practice improvement strategies, with actionable steps. Evaluating physicians’ use of and satisfaction with this modality’s content and implementation strategies has not been prioritized previously. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) plays an increasing role in the treatment of diabetes; uptake occurs more rapidly in endocrinology settings than in primary care settings. To help address such differences in CGM uptake and diabetes care, AAFP TIPS on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (AAFP TIPS CGM) was developed, using published evidence and input from content experts (family medicine faculty; AAFP staff; and an advisory group comprised of other primary care physicians, patients, a pharmacist, and a primary care practice facilitator). A pilot implementation project was conducted in 3 primary care practices. Objective To evaluate AAFP TIPS CGM in primary care practices, the research team assessed use of and satisfaction with the content and assessed barriers to and facilitators for strategy and workflow implementation. Methods In total, 3 primary care practices participated in a mixed methods pilot implementation of AAFP TIPS CGM between June and October 2021. Practice champions at each site completed AAFP TIPS CGM and baseline practice surveys to evaluate practice characteristics and CGM prescribing. They conducted team trainings (via webinars or in person), with the goals of implementing CGM into practice and establishing or improving CGM workflows. Practice champions and team training participants completed posttraining surveys to evaluate the training, AAFP TIPS materials, and likelihood of implementing CGM. Interviews were conducted with 6 physicians, including practice champions, 2 months after team training. Satisfaction surveys were also distributed to those who completed the AAFP TIPS CGM course via the internet during the study period. Results Of the 3 practices, 2 conducted team trainings. The team training evaluation survey showed that practice staff understood their role in implementing CGM in practice (19/20, 95%), and most (11/20, 55%) did not have questions after the training. Insurance coverage for CGM was a remaining knowledge gap and potential barrier to implementing CGM in practice. Physicians and interdisciplinary care team members who took the AAFP TIPS CGM course via the internet, as well as those who attended in-person team training, expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the education, content, and applicability of the course. Conclusions This pilot implementation of AAFP TIPS CGM offers pertinent and timely information for primary care practices that desire to initiate or expand CGM use to best meet the needs of their patients with diabetes.