It is suggested that a wide variety of oxidation reactions at platinum anodes in aqueous media involve mediation of the interfacial reaction by charged hydrous oxide species formed as surface-bonded species at adatom sites on the metal surface. Such species are formed on Pt at potentials as low as 0.2V (RHE) in acid media and, with precautions taken to minimize deactivation problems, many reactive organic compounds commence oxidation in this region. This cyclic redox mechanism of reaction is complicated in the case of metals, though not with thermal oxides (RuO2), by significant variation in the total number of active species at the interface. Recent spectroscopic data support the view that Pt(IV) species are present on Pt/Ru alloys at low potentials. The species formed on pure Pt in acid above 0.2V is assumed to be Pt(OH)62--9 based species; the OH ligands not only accelerate many oxidation processes but inhibit certain reduction processes at the

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Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) doping is prohibited in animal (canine and equine) sport. The effectiveness of a range of immunoassay screening methods for the detection of rHuEPO in canine urine was evaluated. The excretion profiles following rHuEPO administration to dogs were investigated. The presence of rHuEPO in postadministration samples was confirmed using the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-approved isoelectric focusing immunoblotting confirmatory technique. Following the administration study, a screening program involving approximately 6000 greyhound sport (mostly racing) samples was undertaken for rHuEPO. This resulted in the detection of the first rHuEPO positives in the world of canine or equine sport. In an additional case, endogenous HuEPO was detected in a sample submitted as greyhound urine. It was determined that this arose from the submission to control stewards, as greyhound urine, of a substance that was, in fact, human urine. This was a particularly welcome development as definitive confirmatory evidence of such sample switching can be difficult to obtain in the case of greyhounds.

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