The American Psychiatric Association defines sexual dysfunction as a heterogeneous group of disorders that are typically characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure. 1 Sexual problems are common complications of individuals with diabetes in both men and women. Unfortunately, sexual health is an often neglected aspect in the management of diabetes mellitus. [2][3][4] Most studies on sexual dysfunction involves men and erectile dysfunction which affects 60 to 86.1% of men with diabetes mellitus. 5 In contrast, sexual dysfunction among women mostly includes problems in sexual desire, sexual satisfaction, orgasmic, lubrication and arousal disorder. [2][3][4] Documented rates of sexual dysfunction among women with type 2 diabetes ranges from 25% to 88%. 2,4,[6][7][8][9] Though studies on sexual dysfunction are gradually increasing, there are currently no data that shows the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the risk factors associated with it among Filipino women with diabetes mellitus. OBjECTIVESThe objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and characterize the sexual dysfunction among premenopausal Filipino women with type 2 diabetes mellitus seen at the outpatient department of Makati Medical Center. This study also aims to determine whether age, history of hypertension, smoking habit, history of alcohol intake, body mass index, waist circumference, certain metabolic factors such as FBS, HbA 1c, creatinine, lipid profile, albuminuria or proteinuria and whether the presence of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus such as diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy are associated with sexual dysfunction among premenopausal Filipino women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction. The coexistence of two global pandemics, COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been implicated with worse prognosis. The association of diabetes and worse outcome in viral infections stems from the detrimental effect of hyperglycemia to the control of viremia and different components of the host response. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of confirmed COVID-19 patients and establish the association of baseline glycemic status and COVID-19 outcomes among persons with type 2 diabetes.Methodology. A single center, retrospective study among adult persons with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with COVID-19 in Makati Medical Center from March 1 to August 31, 2020. A total of 156 medical records (26%) out of 584 confirmed cases were reviewed. Data were collected on diabetes status, comorbid conditions and laboratory findings. Both Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression models were fitted. To assess the factors associated with mortality as a dichotomous endpoint (died/survived), binary logistic regression was performed. On the other hand, a time-tomortality analysis was performed using Cox regression. For the effect estimate, we refer to hazard ratios in the Cox proportional hazards model and odds ratios in the logistic regression models. All analyses were adjusted for age and sex and two models were additionally adjusted for any presence of comorbidity.Results. A total of 156 COVID-19 patients with diabetes were analyzed. Upon admission, 13% were in diabetic ketosis, 4% were in a state of DKA, and 2% had hypoglycemia. About 5%, 33%, 26%, and 36% of patients had mild, moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19, respectively. Between non-survivors and survivors, the latter group were significantly younger in age (p<.003) and had less ICU admissions (p<.001). Although DKA status upon admission seemed to result in increased odds of non-survival (cOR 5.8 [95% CI 1.1-30.7]), no other feature in the glycemic history was significantly associated with mortality outcome after having adjusted for age and sex. Death in this study was limited to patients with severe or critical disease. Conclusion.The risk of mortality is five times greater among patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis. The incidence of complications were also significantly greater and mortality was limited to patients with severe or critical disease.

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