This study describes the features of LRTIs associated with newly identified viruses in children, compared with those associated with known viruses. Additional investigations are required to define the role of HBoV in LRTI.

Autophagy contributes to the selective degradation of liquid droplets, including the P-Granule, Ape1-complex and p62/SQSTM1-body, although the molecular mechanisms and physiological relevance of selective degradation remain unclear. In this report, we describe the properties of endogenous p62-bodies, the effect of autophagosome biogenesis on these bodies, and the in vivo significance of their turnover. p62-bodies are low-liquidity gels containing ubiquitin and core autophagy-related proteins. Multiple autophagosomes form on the p62-gels, and the interaction of autophagosome-localizing Atg8-proteins with p62 directs autophagosome formation toward the p62-gel. Keap1 also reversibly translocates to the p62-gels in a p62-binding dependent fashion to activate the transcription factor Nrf2. Mice deficient for Atg8-interaction-dependent selective autophagy show that impaired turnover of p62-gels leads to Nrf2 hyperactivation in vivo. These results indicate that p62-gels are not simple substrates for autophagy but serve as platforms for both autophagosome formation and anti-oxidative stress.

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Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIE) remains a major cause of neurologic disabilities. However, many experimental therapies have shown limited successes. We assessed whether human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be transplanted in the HIE rat brain to improve neurologic disabilities. P7 SD rats were either subjected to left carotid artery ligation and hypoxic exposure [hypoxia-ischemia (HI)] or sham operation and normoxic exposure (sham). On P10, rat pubs received either PKH26-labeled MSCs or buffer via intracardial injection, resulting in four experimental groups: sham-buffer, sham-MSC, HI-buffer, and HI-MSC. Cylinder test and accelerating rotarod test were performed 14, 20, 30, and 40 d after injection. Six weeks after injection, cresyl violet and double immunofluorescence staining were performed. MSCs were transplanted to the whole brain mainly after HI. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and OX42 were more abundantly colocalized with MSC than neuronal specific nuclear protein or myelin basic protein. There were no significant differences in the total amounts and cell types between the lesioned and nonlesioned hemisphere. The lesioned hemispheric volume was decreased after HI (p ϭ 0.012) but not restored by MSC. Neurologic performance was significantly impaired only on the cylinder test after HI (p ϭ 0.034), and MSC transplants improved it (p ϭ 0.010). These suggest MSC can be a candidate for the treatment of neonatal HIE. (Pediatr Res 67: 42-46, 2010) H ypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIE), a result of asphyxia at term, remains a major cause of neurologic disabilities. It occurs in ϳ20 of 1000 full-term infants. Between 20 and 50% of asphyxiated babies who exhibit HIE die during the newborn period. Of the survivors, up to 25% have permanent neuropsychological handicaps in the form of cerebral palsy, with or without associated mental retardation, learning disability, or epilepsy (1). However, except hypothermia, which has shown improvement only in mild to moderate HIE, many experimental therapies have met with limited success in the clinical environment (2).Neural stem cells have been proposed as a useful treatment modality for the diseases of the CNS including neonatal HIE in animal models. However, their lack of accessibility and the inhomogeneity in neuronal differentiation of various neurospheres limit their utility (3,4). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as cell-based therapy offer a potential source of therapies for various rodent models and clinical trials of human diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, myocardiac infarction, and stroke (5-9). However, limited data are available in neonatal HIE models. Guan et al. (10) reported that more MSCs were transplanted to the neonatal rat brain when MSCs were intraperitoneally injected 2 h after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) than when they were injected in the sham group. Yasuhara et al. reported that when they injected MSCs into the hippocampus of neonatal HI rats, MSC survived 14 d after post-transplantation and helped behavioral...