The metabolites that provide the aroma and flavor to wine are the products of several influences, such as grape cultivar, geographic location and associated environmental features, viticultural practices, and vinification techniques, which are central to production protocols, quality evaluation and development of wine regions. Accordingly, we initiated the requisite studies to investigate the differences in the dry red wine metabolites of different grape varieties. The proton-nuclear magnetic resonance technique (1H-NMR) combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the changes of metabolite levels in Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Cabernet Gernischt dry red wines vinified in Changli, Hebei province, China, in 2017. The results showed that the types of metabolites in different varieties of dry red wines were similar, but the content was significantly different. The main contributors to the differences in Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Cabernet Gernischt dry red wines were ethyl acetate, lactic acid, alanine, succinic acid, proline, malic acid, and gallic acid, indicating 1H-NMR method combined with multivariate statistical analysis can distinguish these three types of dry red wines from each other. It provides a benchmark for further comparative study on wine quality and the verification of wine authenticity.

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic study was used to characterize 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 vintages of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Ningxia, which were vinified using the same fermentation technique. The pattern recognition methods of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) clearly distinguished between the different vintages of wine driven by the following metabolites: valine, 2,3-butanediol, ethyl acetate, proline, succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, gallic acid, and choline. The PLS-DA loading plots also differentiated among the metabolites of different vintages. In the 2009 vintage wines, we found the highest levels of gallic acid, valine, proline, and 2,3-butanediol. The 2011 vintage wines contained the highest levels of lactic acid, and the highest levels of ethyl acetate, succinic acid, glycerol, and choline were observed in the 2012 vintage wines. We selected eight metabolites from the 1H NMR spectra that were quantified according to their peak areas, and the concentrations were in agreement with the results of PLS-DA and OPLS-DA analyses.

La 0.9 Sr 0.1 ) x (Ga 0.9 Mg 0.1 ) y O 3-d [(LS) x (GM) y ] (x = 0.97, 1.00, 1.03; y = 1.00 and x = 1.00; y = 0.97, 1.00, 1.03) electrolyte is prepared through a sol-gel method followed by sintering at 1300 8C for 10 h. The microstructures of the samples are characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The electrical and thermal stability properties are measured by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), respectively. It is shown that phase purity could improve by adjusting the non-stoichiometry of A/B-site. This, in turn, affects the conductivity and thermal expansion of the solid electrolyte. The samples with B-site defects [LS(GM) 0.97 ] are found to exhibit the best phase purity and density with minimal grain boundary/total resistances, and superior thermal stability. The conductivity of LS(GM) 0.97 is 1.56 time higher than that of LSGM. The average thermal expansion coefficient of LS(GM) 0.97 at 50-850 8C is 4.13 % lower than that of LSGM. The maximum power density of single cells containing LS(GM) 0.97 electrolyte could reach 0.54 W cm À1 at 800 8C, which is 16.7 % higher than that of cells containing LSGM electrolyte. The stability test for over 120 h at 800 8C indicates a slight decrease in performances during the first 10 h, but no significant differences in electrode polarization are observed even after long-term operation. These findings suggest the potential applications of LS(GM) 0.97 as a novel electrolyte for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.[a] J.

Farmers are the direct pusher to ensure the implementation of land consolidation. Therefore, research on the change of farmers’ behavior in land consolidation becomes important. Taking the land consolidation in Gaolong town in Hechuan of Chongqing, China as the example, the objectives of this paper was to analyze technology efficiency, scale efficiency and total factor productivity trend of farmers’ behavior and willingness corresponding to land consolidation using Malmquist-DEA and C2R-DEA model, respectively. The results indicated that technical progress was the main factor to constrain the development, and technologies innovation was still low. Technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were all greater than 1, which illustrated the relative reasonable management level and resources allocation. The response type was positive for most farmers, and the farmers with weak and negative response were affected by family average quality, the attitude of staffs, efficiency of output compared to input, etc.

The oscillation behavior was investigated in oscillation reaction system acetone-KBrO3-MnSO4-H2SO4 with Chinese herb medicine Caulophyllum Robustum as substrate. The effects of concentration of substrate, H2SO4, KBrO3, Mn2+ on the period, amplitude and life of oscillation were discussed and the action of each substance in the oscillation system was verified. It provided a new way for herbal medicine identification.