Objective ghrelin is a protein that regulate appetite and energy balance in the human body, which is encoded by the ghrelin prepropeptide gene (GHRL). GHRL is linked with carcinogenesis and immune regulation. However, the correlation of GHRL to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer remains unclear. Materials and methods In this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, protein expression, prognosis, different clinicopathological features and co-expressed genes about GHRL, the correlation between GHRL and tumor infiltration immune cells in GC patients based on the data published in the following databases: TIMER, GEPIA, GEO, UALCAN, TISIDB, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and HPA databases. Results We found that GHRL expression in GC samples was lower than in normal samples. However, sample type, cancer stage, and worse survival were correlated to high GHRL expression. We also found that the expression of GHRL in dysplasia was significantly lower than that in CNAG and in GC. A total of 10 hub genes were identified from the co-expressed genes, including GHRH, GHSR, CCK, GPR39, MBOAT4, UCN, LEP, INS, GH1 and IGF1. High GHRL expression was connected with immunomodulators, chemokines, and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in GC. Conclusions GHRL is a prognostic biomarker for GC patients, and it is correlated with progression of precancerous lesions in GC. It might lead to poor prognosis by regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Studies are important to explore therapeutic targeting GHRL in the future.

Background: Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation is a key factor of refractory helicobacter pylori infection. This study aimed to access the research trends of helicobacter pylori biofilm.Methods: Publications from 1998 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Different kinds of software, EXCEL, VOSviewer, and the online bibliometric analysis platform were used to evaluate and visualize the bibliometric data.Results: A total of 154 publications were finally identified, and the annual number of publications showed a rising trend. The China made the greatest contributions to this research field, while the journal of Helicobacter was the most productive journal. Grande rossella published the most papers, and the most productive institution was G dannunzio University. Co-occurrence network maps revealed that the keyword of “Helicobacter pylori” ranked first in research field, and the keyword of “biofilm formation” and “in vitro” began to appear in the past 3 to 5 years.Conclusion: The annual number of publications on helicobacter pylori biofilm have grown steadily in the past two decades and will continue to grow. Future research hot spots will domain in the establishment of helicobacter pylori biofilm in vitro model and mechanism of helicobacter pylori biofilm formation.