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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to analyze the factors related to sarcopenic obesity among the elderly in South Korea.SUBJECTS/METHODSA total of 3,367 elderly (≥ 65 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011) were included in this analysis. The subjects were assessed to determine their sarcopenia and obesity status. Sarcopenia was assessed by determining their appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). Obesity was defined by the waist circumference. An association of sarcopenic obesity and the related factors was analyzed using multiple logistic regression models.RESULTSThe risk of sarcopenic obesity of the subjects was decreased by active physical activity. After adjusting for age, smoking, and alcohol consumption, the risk of sarcopenic obesity in men of the highest level group (Q4) decreased by 45% (OR = 0.550, 95% CI = 0.334–0.905, P trend 0.018) compared to that in the reference group (Q1). Among the women, the risk of sarcopenic obesity in the Q3 and Q4 groups decreased by 29.0% (OR = 0.710, 95% CI = 0.512–0,984) and 56.7% (OR = 0.433, 95% CI = 0.281–0.668), respectively, compared to that in the Q1 group (P trend < 0.001). The mean daily energy intake was higher in the non-sarcopenia group than in the sarcopenia group. The risk of sarcopenic obesity in subjects not meeting the recommended intakes of energy, riboflavin, and vitamin C increased significantly by 25.4%, and 36.6%, and 32.6%, respectively, compared to that in the subjects meeting the recommended nutrient intake.CONCLUSIONActive physical activity as well as an adequate intake of energy and some vitamins might be negatively associated with the development of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the elderly.

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We report metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) for high-level production of 5-hydroxyvaleric acid (5-HV), an important C5 platform chemical covering a wide range of industrial applications, using glucose as a sole carbon source. To derive 5-HV, an artificial 5-HV biosynthesis pathway, composed of the first three reaction steps of an l-lysine catabolic pathway via 5-aminovaleramide along with a subsequent intracellular reduction step, was constructed: l-lysine was converted to glutarate semialdehyde through an l-lysine catabolic pathway encoded by Pseudomonas putida davTBA genes, and glutarate semialdehyde was further reduced to 5-HV by a suitable aldehyde reductase. Various aldehyde reductases including CpnD from Clostridium aminovalericum, Gbd from Ralstonia eutropha, ButA from C. glutamicum, and YihU, YahK, and YqhD from Escherichia coli were examined for efficient 5-HV production through the flask and batch cultivations, and YahK was determined to be the most appropriate aldehyde reductase. Further modification to enhance 5-HV production was investigated by deletion of an endogenous gabD gene responsible for the oxidation of glutarate semialdehyde into glutaric acid in order to suppress glutaric acid by-production. Finally, 52.1 g/L 5-HV with the yield of 0.33 g/g glucose was achieved by fed-batch fermentation of the engineered C. glutamicum with overexpression of davTBA genes and the yahK gene along with gabD deletion in the chromosome.