Damage to the skin causes physiological and functional issues. The most effective treatment approach is the use of wound dressings. Silk fibroin (SF) is a promising candidate biomaterial for regulating wound healing; however, its antibacterial properties and biological activity must be further improved. In this study, a photocrosslinking hydrogel was developed to treat full-thickness cutaneous wounds. The composite hydrogel (Ag-AV-SF-hydrogel) was prepared by introducing the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and aloe vera (AV) as the modifiers. In vitro study, it exhibited great antibacterial ability, biocompatibility, and cell-proliferation and -migration-promoting capacities. It also showed the pH-response releasing properties which release more AgNPs in a simulated chronic infection environment. The healing effect evaluation in vivo showed the healing-promoting ability of the Ag-AV-SF-hydrogel was stronger than the single-modifiers groups, and the healing rate of the it reached 97.02% on day 21, higher than the commercial wound dressing, silver sulfadiazine cream (SS) on sale. Additionally, the histological and protein expression results showed that the Ag-AV-SF-hydrogel has a greater effect on the pro-healing regenerative phenotype with M2 macrophages at the early stage, reconstructing the blood vessels networks and inhibiting the formation of scars. In summary, the Ag-AV-SF-hydrogel developed in this study had good physical properties, overwhelming antibacterial properties, satisfactory biocompatibility and significantly promoting effect on cell proliferation, migration and wound healing. Overall, our results suggest that the Ag-AV-SF-hydrogel we developed has great potential for improving the wound healing in clinical treatment.