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Phylogenetic relationships among cichlasomatine cichlids were studied using an extensive taxon sampling and both morphological and molecular data sets. A new genus, Andinoacara n. gen. with six species (A. pulcher-rivulatus group of previous authors) from trans-andean South America and NW cis-andean South America, is described based on results of phylogenetic and diagnosability analyses and tests of alternative topologies Our results demonstrate that cichlasomatine cichlid diversity is divided into five principal lineages composed of eleven genera and three suprageneric clades: the [(Bujurquina, Tahuantinsuyoa), (Andinoacara) (BAT) clade; the (Cleithracara, (Nannacara, Ivanacara)] clade (NIC) plus Laetacara and ¢Aequidens¢ hoehnei; and the (Aequidens, Cichlasoma) clade, where Aequidens is paraphyletic to Cichlasoma. Two former Aequidens species are additionally transferred into Krobia (K. potaroensis, K. paloemeuensis). ¢Aequidens¢ hoehnei probably represents a unique evolutionary lineage and would thus qualify for a separate generic status. Molecular data are yet not available for this species and its generic status requires further study. Relationships between the three suprageneric clades and between Acaronia and Krobia could not be convincingly resolved with our data set of two mitochondrial (16S and cyt b) and two nuclear (S7 and RAG1) molecular markers and 96 morphological characters.

Modern ornamental fishkeeping is one of the most popular hobbies in the world, with various known positive and also negative aspects including the introduction of non‐native species. Despite this fact, the history of the first imports of freshwater tropical fish species for ornamental purposes has never been deeply studied and is usually simplified. Here, we present the first comprehensive review of reported imports in the period of the early history of this sector of aquaculture, ending with the end of the First World War. Moreover, the total number of kept species has been updated, with a forecast for the future. We present the summarised information in a wide context of both historical and current connections and viewpoints, highlighting the crucial role of German importers at this time. In this regard, the term ‘German aquarium phenomenon’ is proposed.

Trade with marine species as ornamentals is an important sector of the international pet trade. The vast majority of these species are collected from the wild and one of the top supplying countries is Indonesia. Detailed evidence on trade with marine resources in Indonesia is lacking or it is hardly accessible. Moreover, the exploitation of ornamental species seems to be mostly uncontrolled. This study presents detailed characteristics of such trade for Indonesia, including the offered species, their sizes, prices, and conservation status, based on data and information obtained from wholesalers in 2018. The main provinces of marine wildlife collecting are also identified. In total, 777 marine vertebrate and invertebrate species were traded, belonging to 174 families including two species classified as endangered: Banggai cardinal fish (Pterapogon kauderni) and zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum). Commonly traded was red lionfish (Pterois volitans), known to be a successful invader. The volume of ornamental marine fish exported from Indonesia in period 2015–2019 was 3 353 983 kgs sold for 33 123 218 USD. The province of Bali was identified as the main exporter of ornamental marine fish within Indonesia. These findings should help to establish sustainable exploitation of marine resources in relation to conservation and wildlife management.

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