Formic acid and formate derivatives as hydrogen source on the hydrogenation of para‐chloronitrobenzene (p‐CNB) over supported gold catalysts were investigated. The hydrogenation activity in various formate derivatives followed the order: HCOOH < HCOONa < HCOOK < HCOONH4, which was in accordance with the decrement of electronegativity of cation species in formate derivatives. Moreover, in the case of HCOONH4 as hydrogen source, the p‐CNB conversion could enhance ten‐fold as the hydrogen source of H2 at 60 oC. This promotion effect was also found in other supported Au catalysts. These results provide a general alternative hydrogen source to replace conventional H2 as reducing agent for fine chemical processes.

In this research, thermal analysis and combustion characteristics of mixtures of oil shale and its semicoke were investigated by means of an on-line TG-FTIR interconnection analyzer, with the aim of comparing the behavior of the mixture with that of its components. Experiments were conducted at three heating rates 20, 50 and 80 K/min in the temperature range 30-850 °C. Mainly three different reaction regions were observed at combustion of most of the samples studied. It was observed that ignition temperature decreases with an increase in the share of oil shale in the blend resulting in a higher yield of volatile compounds. Higher heating rates were accompanied by higher reaction temperatures and heat of reactions. Distinguishing peaks shifted to higher temperatures with an increase in heating rate. A Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation analyser (FTIR) was used to analyze combustion products during experiments. Kinetic parameters of the combustion reaction of mixtures were calculated by binary linear regression. Throughout the analysis of kinetics of the combustion experiments, it was observed that activation energies of combustion in the high-temperature region were generally higher than those of low-temperature region (67.2-48.9 KJ/mol), and this could be explained by the difference in the combustion reaction mechanism at different temperatures. The results may provide theoretical basis for further effective and economical exploitation of oil shale.

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Taking the physical model of a small oil-shale retorting furnace with gas heat carrier as research object, a quasi homogeneous mathematical model was established to simulate the process of heating the pebbles in the porous zone and was solved by Fluent, a commercial CFD software. We compared the calculated results of temperature with the measured data, and analyzes the cause of the deviation between them.The result showed that the calculated value is relatively close to the measured data(the relative error is 6.85%) and the model can predict accurately the actual temperature field. The research results can provide support for the process of structural design of the large oil-shale retorting furnace with gas heat carrier.

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