Cortical fast-spiking (FS) neurons generate high-frequency action potentials (APs) without apparent frequency accommodation, thus providing fast and precise inhibition. However, the maximal firing frequency that they can reach, particularly in primate neocortex, remains unclear. Here, by recording in human, monkey, and mouse neocortical slices, we revealed that FS neurons in human association cortices (mostly temporal) could generate APs at a maximal mean frequency (Fmean) of 338 Hz and a maximal instantaneous frequency (Finst) of 453 Hz, and they increase with age. The maximal firing frequency of FS neurons in the association cortices (frontal and temporal) of monkey was even higher (Fmean 450 Hz, Finst 611 Hz), whereas in the association cortex (entorhinal) of mouse it was much lower (Fmean 215 Hz, Finst 342 Hz). Moreover, FS neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) could fire at higher frequencies (Fmean 415 Hz, Finst 582 Hz) than those in association cortex. We further validated our in vitro data by examining spikes of putative FS neurons in behaving monkey and mouse. Together, our results demonstrate that the maximal firing frequency of FS neurons varies between species and cortical areas.

Table of contentsA1 Functional advantages of cell-type heterogeneity in neural circuitsTatyana O. SharpeeA2 Mesoscopic modeling of propagating waves in visual cortexAlain DestexheA3 Dynamics and biomarkers of mental disordersMitsuo KawatoF1 Precise recruitment of spiking output at theta frequencies requires dendritic h-channels in multi-compartment models of oriens-lacunosum/moleculare hippocampal interneuronsVladislav Sekulić, Frances K. SkinnerF2 Kernel methods in reconstruction of current sources from extracellular potentials for single cells and the whole brainsDaniel K. Wójcik, Chaitanya Chintaluri, Dorottya Cserpán, Zoltán SomogyváriF3 The synchronized periods depend on intracellular transcriptional repression mechanisms in circadian clocks.Jae Kyoung Kim, Zachary P. Kilpatrick, Matthew R. Bennett, Kresimir JosićO1 Assessing irregularity and coordination of spiking-bursting rhythms in central pattern generatorsIrene Elices, David Arroyo, Rafael Levi, Francisco B. Rodriguez, Pablo VaronaO2 Regulation of top-down processing by cortically-projecting parvalbumin positive neurons in basal forebrainEunjin Hwang, Bowon Kim, Hio-Been Han, Tae Kim, James T. McKenna, Ritchie E. Brown, Robert W. McCarley, Jee Hyun ChoiO3 Modeling auditory stream segregation, build-up and bistabilityJames Rankin, Pamela Osborn Popp, John RinzelO4 Strong competition between tonotopic neural ensembles explains pitch-related dynamics of auditory cortex evoked fieldsAlejandro Tabas, André Rupp, Emili Balaguer-BallesterO5 A simple model of retinal response to multi-electrode stimulationMatias I. Maturana, David B. Grayden, Shaun L. Cloherty, Tatiana Kameneva, Michael R. Ibbotson, Hamish MeffinO6 Noise correlations in V4 area correlate with behavioral performance in visual discrimination taskVeronika Koren, Timm Lochmann, Valentin Dragoi, Klaus ObermayerO7 Input-location dependent gain modulation in cerebellar nucleus neuronsMaria Psarrou, Maria Schilstra, Neil Davey, Benjamin Torben-Nielsen, Volker SteuberO8 Analytic solution of cable energy function for cortical axons and dendritesHuiwen Ju, Jiao Yu, Michael L. Hines, Liang Chen, Yuguo YuO9 C. elegans interactome: interactive visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans worm neuronal networkJimin Kim, Will Leahy, Eli ShlizermanO10 Is the model any good? Objective criteria for computational neuroscience model selectionJustas Birgiolas, Richard C. Gerkin, Sharon M. CrookO11 Cooperation and competition of gamma oscillation mechanismsAtthaphon Viriyopase, Raoul-Martin Memmesheimer, Stan GielenO12 A discrete structure of the brain wavesYuri Dabaghian, Justin DeVito, Luca PerottiO13 Direction-specific silencing of the Drosophila gaze stabilization systemAnmo J. Kim, Lisa M. Fenk, Cheng Lyu, Gaby MaimonO14 What does the fruit fly think about values? A model of olfactory associative learningChang Zhao, Yves Widmer, Simon Sprecher,Walter SennO15 Effects of ionic diffusion on power spectra of local field potentials (LFP)Geir Halnes, Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen, Daniel Keller, Klas H. Pettersen,Ole A. Andreassen...

Self-organized critical states (SOCs) and stochastic oscillations (SOs) are simultaneously observed in neural systems, which appears to be theoretically contradictory since SOCs are characterized by scale-free avalanche sizes but oscillations indicate typical scales. Here, we show that SOs can emerge in SOCs of small size systems due to temporal correlation between large avalanches at the finite-size cutoff, resulting from the accumulation-release process in SOCs. In contrast, the critical branching process without accumulation-release dynamics cannot exhibit oscillations. The reconciliation of SOCs and SOs is demonstrated both in the sandpile model and robustly in biologically plausible neuronal networks. The oscillations can be suppressed if external inputs eliminate the prominent slow accumulation process, providing a potential explanation of the widely studied Berger effect or event-related desynchronization in neural response. The features of neural oscillations and suppression are confirmed during task processing in monkey eye-movement experiments. Our results suggest that finite-size, columnar neural circuits may play an important role in generating neural oscillations around the critical states, potentially enabling functional advantages of both SOCs and oscillations for sensitive response to transient stimuli. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.018101 Self-organized criticality [1] is a key concept for describing the emergence of complexity in many natural systems [2]. The fingerprint of self-organized critical states (SOCs), the power-law distribution of avalanche sizes, means that the activity has no characteristic scale in the thermodynamic limit. As excellent functional complex systems in nature, neural systems in the brain have been supposed to operate at SOCs. Indeed, SOCs of neuronal firing activity have been observed in experiments with electrode arrays [2-4] and have been studied intensively in computational models [2,5,6]. It has been shown that critical states have functional advantages for both the sensory system [7] and memory [8], and they play an important role in the development of neural systems [9].On the other hand, stochastic oscillation (SO) in brain activity has been observed for more than 80 years [10]. Oscillations characterized by repetition of activities with typical scales are believed to be essential to brain functions, especially to provide timing, predictability, coherence, and integration in neural information processing [11]. Several different oscillation bands exist and appear in different states of the brain [10]. The synchronization between inhibitory neurons has been found to be crucial for gamma oscillations (30-70 Hz) [12]. Neural field models [13] indicated that resonance between thalamus and cortex can generate alpha oscillations (8-13 Hz). Despite many modeling studies, a commonly accepted mechanism of alpha rhythm is still lacking [14]. This slow oscillation is particularly obvious during the resting states without systematic external stimuli (i.e., eyes closed). I...