SummaryAccumulating studies have revealed the hypoxic condition and its crucial role in the distinctive progression of infantile hemangioma (IH), the most common benign tumor in infancy. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), an important gene mediating cellular adaptation to various stress signals, could confer a survival advantage for tumor cells under hypoxia and regulate tumor progression. However, the potential role of ATF4 in IH was still unknown. In this study, the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, ATF4, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in 27 specimens of IH was measured by immunochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence, followed by the Spearman rank correlation test. Our results showed that the expression of HIF-1α, ATF4, and M-CSF was significantly upregulated in proliferating IH compared with involuting IH. Meanwhile, HIF-1α and ATF4, in parallel with ATF4 and M-CSF, exhibited positive correlation and synchronous expression. In addition, our in vitro studies demonstrated that hypoxia obviously upregulated the expression of HIF-1α, ATF4, and M-CSF in hemangioma stem cells. Most importantly, their expression was uniformly correlated with the percentage of M2-polarized macrophages in IH. All those results and established evidence indicated that hypoxia-induced ATF4 expression may promote progression of proliferating IH through M-CSF-induced M2-polarized macrophages infiltration. (J Histochem Cytochem 65:285-294, 2017)

Total precipitable water (TPW) of satellite-borne microwave radiometer retrievals is compared with the data that were collected from 49 island radiosonde stations for the period 2007–2015. Great consistency was found between TPW measurements made by radiosonde and eight satellite-borne microwave radiometers, including SSMI-F13, SSMI-F14, SSMIS-F16, SSMIS-F17, AMSR-E, AMSR-2, GMI, and WindSat. Mean values of the TPW differences for eight satellites ranged from −0.51 to 0.38mm, both root mean square errors and standard deviations were around 3mm, and all of the correlation coefficients between satellite TPW retrievals and radiosonde TPW for each satellite can reach 0.99. Subsequently, an analysis of the comparison results was conducted, which revealed three problems in the satellite TPW retrieval and two problems in radiosonde data. For TPW retrievals of satellite, when the values are above 60 mm, the precision of TPW retrieval significantly decreases with a distinct dry bias, which can reach 4 mm; additionally, abias related to wind speed and the uncertainty with the TPW retrieval in the presence of rain, which is stronger than 1mm/h, was found. The TPW measurements of radiosonde made by the type of IM-MK3 from India were quite unreliable, and almost all of the radiosonde data during the daytime were plagued by a dry bias.

Abstract. It has been a subject to explore the software practice curriculum system in the domain of training the software engineering talents. In order to establish the new practical curriculum system in which the theoretical technology curriculum system is gradually transformed to practical ability system curriculum system, the engineering thinking of software production will run through the whole teaching. In the process, the students' engineering thoughts are developed gradually. A series of practical courses connected closely mainstream technology are established, which the students' self-learning ability and innovation ability can be gained. Thus, the students can gain the practice ability from the technical learning and finally new technology can be can studied and developed.