The role of microbiota in health and diseases is being highlighted by numerous studies since its discovery. Depending on the localized regions, microbiota can be classified into gut, oral, respiratory, and skin microbiota. The microbial communities are in symbiosis with the host, contributing to homeostasis and regulating immune function. However, microbiota dysbiosis can lead to dysregulation of bodily functions and diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, respiratory diseases, etc. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of how microbiota links to host health or pathogenesis. We first summarize the research of microbiota in healthy conditions, including the gut-brain axis, colonization resistance and immune modulation. Then, we highlight the pathogenesis of microbiota dysbiosis in disease development and progression, primarily associated with dysregulation of community composition, modulation of host immune response, and induction of chronic inflammation. Finally, we introduce the clinical approaches that utilize microbiota for disease treatment, such as microbiota modulation and fecal microbial transplantation.

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The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily is one of the largest membrane protein families existing in wide spectrum of organisms from prokaryotes to human. ABC transporters are also known as efflux pumps because they mediate the cross-membrane transportation of various endo-and xenobiotic molecules energized by ATP hydrolysis. Therefore, ABC transporters have been considered closely to multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer, where the efflux of structurally distinct chemotherapeutic drugs causes reduced itherapeutic efficacy. Besides, ABC transporters also play other critical biological roles in cancer such as signal transduction. During the past decades, extensive efforts have been made in understanding the structure-function relationship, transportation profile of ABC transporters, as well as the possibility to overcome MDR via targeting these transporters. In this review, we discuss the most recent knowledge regarding ABC transporters and cancer drug resistance in order to provide insights for the development of more effective therapies. INTRODUCTIONSince the first discovery of the membrane transport protein Pglycoprotein (P-gp) or ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter B1 (ABCB1) in resistant cancer cells in the mid-1970s, more and more members in ABC transporter superfamily such as ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP) and MRPs (multidrug resistance proteins) were discovered and characterized, especially the structurefunction relationship and their roles in tumorigenesis 1 (Figure 1). ABC transporter proteins are best known for mediating multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer and lead to failure of chemotherapy. Besides, studies also revealed their critical roles in cancer as more than efflux pumps. 2,3 ABC transporter superfamily is composed of 7 subfamilies, namely ABCA to ABCG In human the ABC transporter superfamily is divided into least 48 members with different functions.

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