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We compare multifocal intraocular lenses (MFIOLs) to monofocal IOLs for visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, and adverse events using data from 21 randomized controlled trials with 2951 subjects. There was no statistical difference between uncorrected distance VA and corrected distance VA. Compared with monofocal IOLs, MFIOLs showed a better performance on uncorrected intermediate VA measured at 60 cm and uncorrected near VA; the mean differences were-0.06 (95% confidence interval [

We consider diffusion over a potential barrier for n degrees of freedom. Generalizing the procedure of Kramers, we find a quasistationary solution to the associated Fokker-Planck equation. This yields an expression for the diffusion current over the barrier and, finally, a simple and elegant generalization of Kramers' formula for the diffusion rate.

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